THE
JHARKHAND GAZETTE
EXTRAORDINARY
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY
18 Poush, 1940(S)
Ranchi, Tuesday, 8th January, 2019
Urban development & housing department
-------------
Resolution
6 September, 2018
Memo No: SUDA/SBM/SWM/ Sanitation Plan/ 12/2018-4544--
Subject: Jharkhand State Urban Sanitation Policy – 2018
Brief Name & Implementation:
I.
This Policy will be called as “Jharkhand State Urban Sanitation Policy – 2018”.
II.
This policy will be with effective from the date of notification.
III.
This policy will be applicable for all Urban Local Bodies of the Jharkhand State.
CHAPTER 1
NEED FOR STATE SANITATION POLICY
1.1 Introduction
Inadequate sanitation causes India considerable economic losses, equivalent to 6.4 per cent of
India’s GDP in 2006 at US$53.8 billion (Rs.2.4 trillion), according to The Economic Impacts of
Inadequate Sanitation in India, a report from the Water and Sanitation Program. The study
analyzed the evidence on the adverse economic impacts of inadequate sanitation, which
include costs associated with death and disease, accessing and treating water, and losses in
education, productivity, time, and tourism. The findings are based on 2006 figures, although a
similar magnitude of losses is likely in later years.
No. 11
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2
The recent report True cost of sanitation was published jointly by the LIXIL Group
Corporation, Water Aid and Oxford Economics recently. The economic burden of poor
sanitation is the heaviest in Asia-Pacific, which is almost 77 per cent of the total amount. Latin
America and the Caribbean and Africa each account for approximately 10 per cent of the
global cost.
On a national level, in terms of total cost, India suffers the most, with US $ 106.7
billion wiped off the GDP in 2015. It is almost half of the total global losses and 5.2
per cent of the nation’s GDP.
Steps by Indian Government
The importance of the State Sanitation Policy may be understood with the few of the steps
taken by the National level government for the last 10 years. Jharkhand government do
realizes the importance of sanitation at all the levels and therefore it is committed to have
healthy sanitation practices in both the rural and the urban area.
The first step taken by the national government in 2011 and the Census of India released
household level sanitation data for the country. While this will be detailed under the
situational analysis section, at the outset it is important to point out that Jharkhand State
Urban OD as a percentage to the national OD is not high but when we take the figure of the top
three states contributing to urban open defecation in the country as per the 2011 census; the
three states are Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
Source: Census of India 2011, CPR analysis
The second major step was taken on 2nd October 2014, when the Government of India
launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in urban and rural areas of India with a vision to
ensure hygiene, waste management and sanitation across the nation. In his address to both
houses of Parliament in May 2014, the Hon’ble President of India stated that “Swachhata is
an article of faith for my government. Swachhata will have an overarching impact on the
quality of life and wellbeing of a person, particularly the poor. Swachh Bharat Mission has
been launched to achieve a Clean and Open Defecation Free India and scientifically managed
municipal solid waste by October 2019”.
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The third step by the government was when in September 2015, India became
signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Goal 6 demands universal
access to clean water and sanitation. Within this, Target 6.2 aims at achieving access
to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open
defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations. The SDGs are a follow-up to the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), which aimed at extending improved sanitation coverage to the un-
served households. The difference between the SDGs and the MDGs is that where the
latter focused on household-level infrastructure provision within an understanding
of “improved sanitation”, the SDGs cover the whole sanitation service chain,
infrastructure and service provision, and aim to mitigate the adverse effects of public
health due to poor sanitation.
Finally to summarize it may be stated that while sewerage has been the traditional response
to household and city- based sanitation needs, there is a growing realization that depending
on it as the only solution for sanitation negates the existing non-networked, on-site sanitation
prevalent in the state, and for which strategies need to be devised.
These four developments have prompted the State Government to develop a state sanitation
policy in line with the national and international goals, both for infrastructure and services
provision, as well as behavior change and capacity development of cities for sanitation service
delivery and scientific management of municipal solid waste.
1.2 Uneven spread of Urbanization in the state
With a total population of 329.66 million, Jharkhand comprises 2.72% of the country’s total
population. The 2011 census recorded an urban population of 7.9 million, corresponding to
24.05% of the total population of 32.9 million. While Jharkhand’s urbanization rate is below
the national average, it is projected to catch-up in the next 15 years. At present, Jharkhand
has 43 urban local bodies (ULBs) with a total population of 5.26 million (2011 Census). They
include six Municipal Corporations, nineteen Municipal Councils, fifteen Nagar Panchayats,
two Notified Area Committees, and one Municipality. ULBs have the statutory responsibility
to provide civic and infrastructure services in areas under their jurisdiction. Citizen
engagement has been minimal; and municipal elections were held in 2008 after 22 years.
The rate of urbanization has increased after the formation of Jharkhand as a separate state
(carved out of Bihar) in 2000 under Bihar Reorganization Act, which has given an economic
and administrative boost to the cities. The regional patterns of urbanization in the state
portray an interesting picture with wide variations in the levels of urbanization across
districts as exhibited between 2001 and 2011. Previously conducted studies indicate a direct
relationship between the spatial distribution of the urban population and the major
industrial nodes of the state such as the districts of Ranchi, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Jamshedpur
etc. An additional factor that contributes to Ranchi leading the urban landscape in the state is
its administrative importance given the status of the capital city post the formation of
Jharkhand as a separate state in 2000.
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1.3 Service level In Jharkhand
Service levels in urban areas. With rapidly increasing population, Jharkhand’s major cities
face vast challenges in managing urbanization to meet the growing demands for
infrastructure and services. There is relatively poor level of access to basic services. A
summary of the status of basic infrastructure in ULBs is as follows:
(i) Sewerage/Sanitation: Sewerage network coverage in the State is only about 16%, and
44% of households have individual toilets. Sewerage facility is available in few
pockets in Ranchi and also exist in privately managed industrial townships of
Jamshedpur and Bokaro. None of the other cities in Jharkhand have sewer networks
or treatment facilities. Only about 20% of the total wastewater generated is treated.
Most urban households depend on septic tanks,
(ii)
Faecal Sludge & Septage Management: Presently the faecal sludge management is
very limited in Jharkhand. The Faecal Sludge & Septage Management policy was
made in the state and same is under implementation.
(iii)
Waste Water Use: Presently the waste water reuse is very limited in Jharkhand. The
waste water recycling policy was made in the state and same is under
implementation.
(iv)
Solid Waste Management (SWM): The coverage and quality of SWM in urban areas of
Jharkhand are not fully managed. Waste transport from secondary storage sites has
improved and in few cities the waste processing has already been initiated, scientific
waste management of the landfill sites is also under implementation in selected
cities.
The Census (2011) data on the urban water and sanitation situation in Jharkhand provides a
somewhat dismal picture: it indicates that access to safe drinking water is a major issue for
almost half the urban households as only 27 percent have access to treated tap water for
drinking and less than 27 percent have sources within their premises. In the case of
sanitation, more than 56 percent of the urban households do not have access to toilets – a
marginal 5 percent improvement over the decade- and only a little over a 58 percent have
water closets, with the remaining using pit or other kind of toilets.
1.4 The full sanitation value chain needs to be covered
Rates of open defecation do not tell the whole story. If the full sanitation value chain is
examined, then the lack of safe containment, transportation and treatment or disposal
Jharkhand Gazette (Extraordinary), Tuesday, 8th January, 2019
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also become significant factors in the poor sanitation outcomes of the state. The figure
below is a sludge flow diagram (SFD). While it is obvious that at 30.65 percent, open
defecation in statutory urban areas is very high, treatment facilities for waste water and
septage, even from sanitary latrines, is negligible. The practice of constructing septic tanks
and connecting it to open drains is rampant and most of the septic tanks are reportedly
poorly constructed. Sludge disposal systems, largely consists of disposal directly into open
drains or use of cesspools services on payment provided by the municipalities or private
service providers, both of which are in short supply.
Of more concern is the method of sludge disposal, which is generally dumped into an
unsecured pit in a designated open area. With the growing number of toilets now being
constructed and a lack of available urban land, sludge disposal is a major issue of concern. The
state is concerned that it is constructing facilities and infrastructure without paying much
paying attention to appropriate low cost technologies. Two sewage treatment plants (STPs)
are going to be operational in Ranchi (capacity 37.2 mld) and Adityapur (36 mld) and
Rajmahal (3.5 mld). Other STPs are currently under construction in consideration in
Sahebganj. The number of treatment plants is currently inadequate given the spread of
urbanization across the state, and the number of statutory towns 43 in the state, therefore the
septage management is being provided for the smaller cities and towns.
1.5 A clear policy for FSM / Septage management in addition to conventional underground
sewerage systems is needed for small and medium towns
Data from Census 2011 on types of latrines by city size, indicates that as city sizes decreases,
the dependence on on-site sanitation and open defecation increases. This underlines the
importance of going beyond traditional sewerage solutions and moving towards faecal sludge
management (FSM) / septage management. The policy, however must place this action within a
wider policy of septage management across urban areas of Jharkhand particularly for smaller
towns.
Keeping the above in mind Government of Jharkhand came out the Faecal Waste and Septage
Management Policy to address the issue of sanitation.
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1.6 As urban growth in Jharkhand increases, Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) must
form part of the core policy for sanitation in the state
Until very recently, the collection of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) from market places and
community bins, street sweeping, bush cutting and drain cleaning, transportation and disposal
at the dump yard had been carried out by most ULBs on their own. However, beginning with
the Ranchi Municipal Corporation (RMC) and now being replicated in many other towns of the
State for about last one years), door-to-door collection of waste is being carried out by engaging
private operators and RMC sanitation workers. It has been a gradual transition from a fully
ULB-operated model to a Public-Private- Community-Participation (PPCP) model. However,
scientific disposal of waste is yet to occur and the waste is dumped at the dump yard without
processing or treatment; the dump yard is not scientifically designed. This has led to
environmental degradation and air pollution, ground water table pollution and poses grave
health hazards.
The MSW Rules 2016 designates the ULBs as solely responsible for managing solid waste in
their area and states that “within the territorial area of the municipality, [ULBs are] responsible
for the implementation of the provisions of these rules, and for any infrastructure development
for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid
wastes”. However, the ULBs in Jharkhand are yet to fully comply with MSW Rules 2000, and
their 2016 successor.
1.7 Site Authorization for SWM Projects
The State Government has initiated various steps for implementation of integrated Solid Waste
Management projects in various ULBs as per SWM Rules 2016. As a first step towards it, land
was allotted to ULBs to gradually implement the SWM projects involving processing of bio-
degradable waste and scientific disposal of processed and inert non-recyclable waste. Most
ULBs have secured the site with a compound wall. However, processing facility has not been set
up in any of the ULBs. At present, 100% of the sanitation budget is utilized for collection and
transportation. Many of the ULBs are in the process of obtaining site authorization from
Pollution Control Board for setting up processing plant and construction of sanitary land fill. At
present, waste is directly dumped in these sites without processing.
1.8 The river basin pollution abatement policy
Map below shows the river basins in Jharkhand. A sizeable percent of urban areas in Jharkhand
directly affect rivers in the state with the open discharge of raw sewage into the rivers through
the drains. Therefore,the sanitation policy to also takes into consideration the river basins
passing through the cities and towns.
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List of major rivers flowing in the state is:
1. Damodar
2. Baitarani
3. Ganga
4. Barakar
5. Ajay N
6. Son River
7. Southkoel
8. Subarnarekha
1.9 The governance of urban sanitation must be aligned to outcomes and should be supported by
capacity building of institutions
The primary institution for governance of each urban area is the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in
Jharkhand which comprise Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Notified Area Councils
(NACs). Statutory towns (STs) with a population greater than 150,000 are deemed as large
urban areas and are administered by Municipal Corporations. Statutory towns with population
between 1,50,000 to 40,000 are called municipal council and towns having population 40,000
to 12,000 as Nagar Panchayat.
The Municipalities and the NACs are governed by the Municipal Act, 2011. Besides the local
bodies, there are other state department sub-divisions which are responsible for the water and
sanitation in all cities. The Water Resource Department is responsible for allotment of water to
different sectors like drinking water, irrigation, hydropower, industry, etc., flood control and
drainage, and maintenance of water quality. The Drinking Water and Sanitation Department
(DWSD), are responsible for water supply and sewerage services in all ULBs. The Jharkhand
Pollution Control Board (JPCB) is responsible to ensure standards and guidelines produced
under the CPCB are followed in the state. The Directorates of Town Planning are responsible
for the preparation of Master plans, monitoring of programs, provision of technical assistance,
and regulation of the work of development authorities. The Directorate of Municipal
Administration (DMA) regulates the functioning of ULBs and monitors their development
functions. In addition to these, the Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Organisation
(JUIDCO) provides support in policy formulation, project development activities, and funding of
WATSAN projects.
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1.10 Capacities of ULBs in Jharkhand to manage an expanding need for sanitation and FSM
The capacity constraints of ULBs include a lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities of various
stakeholders and institutions, the overarching responsibilities and functions, and the mixed
system of personnel deployment followed in the state; the shortage of skilled staff for adequate
coverage as well as enforcement; and both technical and financial shortfalls that do not allow
for corrective infrastructural or management interventions. The problems of management are
compounded by the need for ULBs to coordinate with multiple agencies.
There is a shortfall of engineers and other staff in the ULBs. However, a system of Municipal
Cadres has been recently approved by the state cabinet, although it is yet to be operationalized.
ULBs will be grouped into categories depending on the size of the population and human
resources will be allocated to each ULB on the basis of those categories. In addition to the
cadres, the frontline sanitation workers also need to be sourced, organized and trained to
deliver faecal sludge / septage management services at the city level base on the policy made.
There are also issues related to a lack of adequate data for better planning and management,
across the sanitation cycle; to ensuring access to the un-served urban poor and the floating
population; to the lack of awareness amongst communities, service providers and city
managers on the consequence of poor sanitation; to the need for enhanced community
participation and above all buildings. Adequate capacities of all stakeholders, especially the
ULBs; and to the need for an integrated city-wide approach and adequate and sustained
investments for both asset and facility creation as well as O&M. ULBs are especially constrained
by ‘inadequate personal and systemic capacities’ for social mobilization and implementing
user-participatory programs. Finally, the ULBs’ almost complete dependence on government
grants and schemes prevents them from developing their own capacities for planning and
management as the funds do not make adequate provisions for sustained capacity building of
this kind.
Currently capacity building is limited to departmental trainings on various thematic and
functional issues through the State Urban Development Agency and its training partners, which
also includes water and sanitation interventions. The capacity building interventions are
limited to structured trainings and exposure visits within the framework of programs like
AMRUT, Smart City, Swachh Bharat mission (SBM), National Urban Livelihood Mission
(NULM),Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY-U)and Namami Gange are standardized
on the lines of the guidelines provided by Government of India.
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CHAPTER 2
VISION, GOALS & PRINCIPLES OF THE POLICY
2.1 Vision
To make towns and cities in Jharkhand totally clean, sanitized, healthy (safe), pollution free,
having zero waste, good quality of life and ensuring good public health and healthy
environment to all its citizens in line with the National Urban Sanitation Policy.
2.2 Goals
To ensure towns and cities in Jharkhand become totally clean, sanitized, healthy (safe),
pollution free, having zero waste, having good quality of life and ensuring good public health
and healthy environment to all its citizens.
2.3 Principles of the policy
The policy will be based on the following principles:
1. Sanitation will be treated as a basic service: The state government shall create basic
infrastructure and opportunities and provide necessary support through which, all citizens
can have access to sanitation services as their basic entitlement.
Equity and safety of access and use, particularly to the vulnerable and un-served
populations: The state shall endeavor to ensure that no urban citizen, irrespective of socio-
economic status, caste, gender, age, or legal status of land/status of migration is denied
access to and the use of sanitation services in Jharkhand’s cities. In the case of residents
with no tenure security, the state will make effort to resolve tenure issues in providing
individual household sanitation facilities or community sanitation facilities. However,
where sanitation services are provided in areas without tenure security, the provision of
these services will not entitle the individual/household any legal right to the land. In
addition to this, the state and ULBs will ensure that access to such facilities (especially
community and public) are maintained with an adequate level of cleanliness, and safety of
access, especially for women. Adequate arrangements for access for the differently abled
will also be made at these facilities (new / upgraded facilities).
2. Increased awareness and ensuring better participation of the citizens for achieving
the collective goal of sanitized cities/towns, recycle and reuse of waste water and
scientifically managed municipal solid waste: The causal linkages of sanitation and solid
waste with public and environmental health need to be made more explicit to citizens,
communities and institutions. In addition to the provision of facilities, sustained
improvements in the quality of life are possible when supplemented by hygiene and
behavior change. The state will aim to generate demand for safe sanitation, and
Jharkhand Gazette (Extraordinary), Tuesday, 8th January, 2019
10
scientifically managed solid waste especially among the un-served households. Citizens,
communities, institutions, and cities as a whole will be encouraged to play an active role in
both behaviour change towards safe sanitation and ensuring the adoption and use of safe
technology to protect the environment. To achieve the goal the government will make all
efforts to increase the participation of the citizens for better sanitation facilities.
Institutional roles, responsibilities and capacity development: The policy will hinge on
progressive articulation in policy and law followed-up by operations that are in line with
the spirit of the 74thConstitutional Amendment Act, 1992. Devolution of functions, funds
and functionaries will need to be progressively ensured to the ULB with adequate support
for building planning, and management capacities. The quality of city sanitation planning
will depend upon the vibrancy of sub-city representative institutions that draw on civil
society to ensure active citizen engagement.
3. Emphasis on operations and maintenance of sanitation and solid waste management
infrastructure: One of the key reasons for poor sanitation infrastructure as well as high
capital expenditure on sanitation is the lack of operations and maintenance of existing
sanitation infrastructure. ULBs will be responsible to ensure that existing sanitation
infrastructure is maintained at adequate operational levels, either through official funds, or
in partnership with the private sector. The applicable user charges to be collected from the
people using the services for collection, transportation and collection. Penalty to be
imposed in the cities and towns where households, establishment, institutions etc. don’t
adhere to the norms.
Integrating broader environmental concerns in the provision of urban sanitation and
solid waste management service delivery: The environment (land, air, and water
resources) must be considered in all development activities for sanitation provision and
management. All planning and implementation will seek to ensure that adverse risks to
public health and the environment are adequately minimized at all stages in the sanitation
chain and solid waste management. In sanitation the containment, collection, transportation
or conveyance, treatment and re-use or disposal of septage/sewerage and waste water will
be worked on and in solid waste management the entire chain of collection, transportation,
processing and disposal will scientifically managed. Appropriate protection of the
environment shall be applied, including prosecution under the lawas required. The state
government will prioritize those cities that directly or indirectly affect rivers or river basins
in the state due to discharge of untreated domestic wastewater for setting up pollution
abatement systems. The policy on waste water management & faecal sludge & septage
management policy will be put to use.
4. Choosing technology and solutions appropriate to the context: Under the policy, the
choice of technology and solutions will be contingent upon the needs of that context. For
example, if, in the course of evaluation, decentralized and on-site technologies and solutions
are context appropriate, then those should be chosen as opposed to blindly applying the
choice of networked sewerage systems.
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CHAPTER 3
3.1 OUTCOMES
Under the policy, over the next 10 years, the policy will concentrate on achieving the
following 10outcomes:
1. Urban areas are Open-defecation free (ODF) and open discharge free(ODF+/++)
2. Solid waste is safely managed, processed & scientifically treated
3. Use the principal of 5 R, reduce, reuse, recycle, refurbish and recover in waste
management
4. Sewage, septage / faecal sludge and liquid waste is safely managed, treated, recycled
and disposed
5. Safety standards and guidelines are followed in the physical handling and management
of waste
6. Women and girls have access to safe menstrual hygiene management
7. Cities/towns do not discharge untreated waste (water and faecal waste) into the water
bodies of Jharkhand.
8. Efficient processing and scientific management of solid waste in the city
9. Scientific handling, processing and management of Hazardous waste, Bio-medical/
hospital waste, plastic waste and e-waste.
10. Proper handling, processing and use of construction and demolition waste.
SECTION 1 - SANITATION
3.2 Outcomes of the policy
3.2.1 Urban areas are open-defecation free and discharge free
This shall be a key outcome of the sanitation policy. In addition to infrastructure provision,
this outcome requires behavior change at the individual, household, community, institutional
and city levels. It is therefore the most crucial and challenging to achieve.
Open defecation free under this policy is understood as the termination of faecal- oral
transmission determined by:
A. No observed open defecation;
B. All city residents have access to and use of household, community, and/or public
latrines;
C. There is adequate access and use of latrines in all institutions, offices, academic
institutes, religious bodies etc;
D. All insanitary latrines (including single pit latrines)are converted to sanitary latrines,
and no incidence of Manual Scavenging observed
E. All city residents are engaged in safe hygiene practices, including hand washing;
F. All the latrines have access to piped water
In addition, open discharge free, under this policy shall be understood to mean an environment
free from human waste which shall be determined as follows:
G. There is no open discharge of faecal and liquid waste, or raw sewage into the open
drains or environment
H. There is safe containment, collection, transportation, treatment, recycle and disposal of
sewage, septage, and waste water.
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3.2.2 Fecal Sludge and Septage Management
This outcome shall aim to ensure that wherever faecal waste is generated in the urban
environment, it is safely confined, regularly collected, safely transported, and disposed after
adequate treatment; with due care being taken of persons, machinery, materials and
surroundings involved in the process. In Jharkhand, where the majority of households and
institutions have access to on-site sanitation, the focus in the coming years of the policy will be
on septage/faecal sludge management (FSM).
Under this outcome, the entire sanitation chain will be covered as per the state policy.
Here
toilet
construction
technologies
will
ensure
safe
containment
of
human
faeces
from
the
environment
Regular de-
sludging
of
septic tanks
and
other
on-site
systems will
be
undertaken
in a safe and
scientific
manner
The
transportatio
n
of
this
sludge to the
treatment
site shall be
undertaken
to
approved
treatment
sites
designated
by ULBs
Only
approved and
designated
treatment
facilities
by
ULBs shall be
used.
This
may be either
at an existing
Sewage
Treatment
Plant (STP)
designated
for
treatment of
sewage and
sludge, or at
an
independent
faecal sludge
treatment
plant (FSTP)
This
involves
treatment
of
solid sludge for
reuse
by
composting,
with the final
effluent
discharged into
surface water,
or re-used for
gardening
or
agricultural
purposes after
due processing
Jharkhand Gazette (Extraordinary), Tuesday, 8th January, 2019
13
The state government will cover the entire sanitation chain
The key objective of the FSSM Policy is to set the context, priorities, and direction for, and to
facilitate, state-wide implementation of FSSM services in all ULBs such that safe and sustainable
sanitation becomes a reality for all in each and every household, street, town and city. More
specifically, the Policy will:
i.
Mainstream FSSM by the year 2019, and ensure that all benefits of wide access to
safe sanitation accrue to all citizens across the sanitation value chain from
containment, extraction, transportation, treatment, and disposal / re-use of all
Faecal sludge, septage and other liquid waste and their by-products and end-
products.
ii.
Suggest and identify ways and means, including the methods and resources,
towards creation of an enabling environment for realising safe and sustainable
FSSM in Jharkhand
iii.
Define the roles and responsibilities of various government entities and agencies,
and of other key stakeholders such as the private sector, civil society
organisations and citizens for effective implementation of FSSM services.
iv.
Enable and support synergies among relevant Central and State Government
programs such as SBM, AMRUT, Smart Cities Mission, NULM, PMAY-U and
Namami Gange to realise safe and sustainable sanitation for all at the earliest,
possibly by the year 2019.
v.
Adopt an appropriate, affordable and incremental approach towards achieving
laid out environmental standards for FSSM.
Unless otherwise specified, the scope of this Policy extends to all the projects, programs
and schemes of the Jharkhand Government that facilitate and support sanitation
services, urban development and improved delivery of services in urban and peri-urban
areas and any other approved program or scheme by the private sector. It also covers
the initiatives undertaken and/or supported by all the Ministries, Departments,
Agencies, Authorities and Public Sector Undertakings in the State that have a bearing on
sanitation services in urban and peri-urban areas. Further, the Policy applies to every
urban local body, outgrowths in urban agglomerations, census towns as declared by the
Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, notified areas, notified industrial
townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, airbases, Ports and
harbours, defence establishments, special economic zones, State and Central
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government organisations within the State, places of pilgrims, religious and historical
importance as may be notified by the State government from time to time.
3.3 Policy implementation roles and responsibilities
Responsibility for Establishing Basic Regulatory Requirements for Faecal Sludge
Management rests with ULBs. SUDA will maintain an oversight role and will Integrate
and interpret the requirements of the several applicable Federal laws and issue
regulations and guidance to ensure that they are applied consistently toward municipal
sludge management;
Establish regulatory requirements that promote beneficial sludge use:
1. Provide standards that establish contaminant levels and management practices for acceptable
municipal sludge use and disposal:
2. Establish minimum requirements for Jharkhand State sludge management programs providing
sufficient discretionary authority for States to tailor their programs and actions to local variation:
3. Enforce adherence to Federal requirements where not enforced by ULBs:
4. Provide guidance and information on sludge treatment technologies and practices and direct
technical assistance to States and local governments:
5. Support research and development, and encourage the demonstration of projects to facilitate the
advancement and use of new or improved technologies. Responsibility for Ensuring Effective
Sludge Management by ULBs rests primarily with JUIDCO.
6. JUIDCO shall establish and maintain regulatory and oversight program adequate to implement
State and Federal requirements;
7. JUIDCO to provide active assistance to local ULBs in planning their sludge management.
Responsibility to Operate and Maintain Appropriate Sludge Management Systems
Rests with Each Municipality.
i. Municipalities are responsible for operating and maintaining sludge management systems
which comply with applicable Federal and State regulatory requirements.
ii. Municipalities are responsible for maintaining sludge use and disposal capacity sufficient to
meet the needs of their wastewater treatment systems.
iii. Municipalities are responsible for controlling the discharge of contaminants into their
sewerage systems so that sludge quality is suitable for meeting regulatory requirements and
local management
The policy specifically endorses the following core principles:
i. To protect public health
ii. To protect the environment and the State’s water resources
.
iii. To promote proper functioning of network-based sewerage systems along with the
septage system and ensure e connections of household.
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iv. Treatment of sewage and sludge is required prior to discharge into the environment
v. Promoting recycle & reuse of treated sewage/septage for nonportable applications.
vi. To make Sewerage/septage project economical and environmentally sustainable.
vii. Inclusive and participatory decision making.
viii. Transparent decision making processes to achieve socio-environmental as well as
economic financial objectives
ix. Capacity building for enhanced institutional ability to govern the sector effectively.
x. Ensuring, protecting and optimizing investments.
xi. Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the most appropriate manner.
xii. Public outreach for environmental and health related outcomes.
xiii. Establishment of an efficient, effective, affordable and accountable system for
managing urban sewerage and septage management
3.4 Safety standards and guidelines are followed in the physical handling and
management of liquid waste
The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act was passed
by the Union Government on 19th September 2013 (MSA 2013). While the list of definitions is
exhaustive under the MSA 2013, the following definitions are important for the current Policy
and have been reproduced below for ready reference:
• “manual scavenger” means a person engaged or employed, at the commencement of this
Act or at any time thereafter, by an individual or a local authority or an agency or a
contractor, for manually cleaning, carrying, disposing of, or otherwise handling in any
manner, human excreta in an insanitary latrine or in an open drain or pit into which the
human excreta from the insanitary latrines is disposed of, or on a railway track or in such
other spaces or premises, as the Central Government or a State Government may notify,
before the excreta fully decomposes in such manner as may be prescribed, and the
expression “manual scavenging” shall be construed accordingly
“hazardous cleaning” means cleaning by an employee, in relation to a sewer or septic
tank, means its manual cleaning by such employee without the employer fulfilling his
obligations to provide protective gear and other cleaning devices and ensuring
observance of safety precautions, as may be prescribed or provided in any other law,
for the time being in force or rules made there under
• “insanitary latrine” means a latrine which requires human excreta to be cleaned or
otherwise handled manually, either in situ, or in an open drain or pit into which the
excreta are discharged or flushed out, before the excreta fully decomposes in such
manner as may be prescribed. Provided that a water flush latrine in a railway
passenger coach, when cleaned by an employee with the help of such devices and using
such protective gear, as the Central Government may notify in this behalf, shall not be
deemed to be an insanitary latrine.
3.5
Women and girls have access to safe menstrual hygiene management(MHM)
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In 2012, the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of the WHO and UNICEF defined
Menstrual Hygiene Management as follows: “Women and adolescent girls are using a
clean menstrual management material to absorb or collect menstrual blood, that can
be changed in privacy as often as necessary for the duration of a menstrual period,
using soap and water for washing the body as required, and having access to safe and
convenient facilities to dispose of used menstrual management materials. They
understand the basic facts linked to the menstrual cycle and how to manage it with
dignity and without discomfort or fear”.
The key challenges faced by women and girls during their periods of menstruation
include:
1. A lack of sanitary protection materials leading to embarrassment and stress due to leakage
and malodour.
2. A lack of menstrual hygiene-friendly facilities in the home, workplace, and
common/community areas, which results in a number of women being unable to change
materials in dignity and safety. This results in absence from work and schools.
3. A fear of using the latrine due to staining, the lack of privacy, inadequate disposal facilities,
or unsafe location of latrine facilities.
The state government shall promote the access of women and girls to safe Menstrual Hygiene
Management in public, community, and private institutional sanitation facilities as follows:
The strategy document will outline the activities that the state government undertakes to
ensure that safe and effective MHM is available to all who need it.
Access to
information
Access
to
disposal
facilities
Access to
MHM
Material
MHM
Access to
water and
soap
Access to
facilities that
ensure privacy
and safety
Safe disposal of
MHM
material at
households
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17
3.6 Cities/towns do not discharge untreated waste (solid, liquid, and faecal waste) into the
water bodies of Jharkhand
The aim of this outcome is the elimination of urban pollutants – septage / faecal sludge,
and municipal solid waste – into the rivers and river basins of Jharkhand from urban and
peri-urban areas thus ensuring the protection, conservation restoration, regeneration and
integrated development of river sand river basins in Jharkhand.
At present, cities are disposing septage/sludge directly into water bodies, either though
non-functional drains, natural drains, or through open defecation. This is compounded by
solid waste being disposed into rivers/river basins. Under this outcome, Jharkhand will
focus on a combination of strengthening the constructed drainage systems, strong
FSM/septage management, and/or underground sewerage networks where relevant
(including treatment plants), and interception, diversion, and treatment of septage and
waste water flowing through natural drains
3.7 Waste Water Recycling and Reuse
On Resource Development
Wastewater is a perennial water source and shall form an integral part of
renewable water resources and the State water budget. All local bodies will make city
wastewater reuse plan (CWP) for a period of 20 years considering future development
and city development in line with city Master plan to avoid any conflicts in developing
the city in the future.
Treatment of wastewater shall be targeted towards producing an effluent fit for
reuse in irrigation or horticulture in accordance with World Health Organisation (WHO)
guidelines as a minimum. Reuse of treated wastewater in other purposes shall be
subject to appropriate specifications. Coordination shall be maintained with the official
bodies in charge of urban development to account for the treatment and disposal of
their liquid wastes. Central treatment plants shall be built to serve semi-urban areas,
and collection of wastewater can be made initially through trucking until collection
systems are justified. Specifications and minimum standards as stipulated by Central
Public Health and Engineering Department (CPHEEO) shall be applicable for the use of
septic tanks in urban areas. Particular attention shall be paid to the protection of
underlying aquifers.
On Resource Management
It is highly imperative that Urban Local Body shall develop and manage
wastewater systems as well as the treatment and reuse of the effluent.
A basin management approach shall be adopted where possible. The use of
treated wastewater from sewerage, households, commercial and from industrial
application shall be given the highest priority and shall be pursued with care. Effluent
quality standards shall be defined based on the best attainable treatment technologies,
and calibrated to support or improve ambient receiving conditions, and to meet public
health standards for end users. Key factors will include the location of the discharge, its
proximity to wells, the type of receiving water, and the nature and extent of end uses.
Industries shall be encouraged to recycle part of its wastewater and to treat the
remainder to meet standards set for ultimate wastewater reuse or to meet the
regulations set for its disposal through the collection systems and/or into the receiving
environment. Wastewater from industries with significant pollution should be treated
separately to standards allowing its reuse for purposes identified by the city or to allow
its safe disposal or water recharging. Consideration shall be given to isolating treated
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18
wastewater from surface and ground waters used for drinking purposes, and to the
blending of treated effluent with relatively fresher water for suitable reuse. Urban Local
Bodies can engage Experts from Government Engineering Colleges of Jharkhand
NITs/Engineering colleges.
On Wastewater Collection and Treatment
City Plan A proper and updated city plan is an essential pre-requisite for proper
planning and design of all utilities and more so for the Sewerage Systems and water
recycled from houses. The State shall endeavor to have proper digital city maps
showing the levels prepared through modern available technology. The digital city maps
should clearly show the city feature over ground and underground including all utilities.
Geographical Information System (GIS), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Total station
etc. tools may be used for preparation of city map. The city maps should be updated for
every 5 years. An effective and comprehensive GIS based data base and Management
Information System correctly mapping the assets, user base and status of operations
shall be established.
Design Period: Every city has to prepare a City Wastewater Recycling Plan (CWP) for
next 20 years along with 5 year short term plan. The CWP for the city should take into
account the likely changes in the city in next 20 years and plan for them and will be
according to city Master plan. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for recycling should be
in accordance to CWP. The design of the sewers and planning of space should be for the
30 year projection requirements and for recycling from households and commercial
establishments. However, the units which can be developed in modules (e.g. Sewage
Treatment Facility, sewerage Pumping machinery, onsite treatment facilities, etc.) can
be designed for appropriate shorter period. Earmark of land for Sewage Pumping
Station (SPS) and Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) should be done for all Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs) and appropriate land allotment shall be done by Development
Authority/Urban Improvement Trust/State Govt. on priority.
On Reuse of Treated Effluent and Sludge
i.
Treated wastewater effluent is considered a water resource and is added to the water
stock for reuse.
ii.
Blending of treated wastewater with fresh water shall be made to improve quality where
possible.
iii.
Crop nutrient requirements shall be determined taking into consideration the prevailing
effluent quality. Overuse of nutrients shall be avoided.
iv.
Accumulation of heavy metals and salinity shall be monitored, managed and mitigated.
Leaching of soils shall be advocated by the irrigation authorities.
v.
Treated effluent quality should be monitored and users alerted to any emergency causing
deterioration of the quality so that they will not use such water unless corrective
measures are taken.
vi.
Studies should be conducted and projects designed and implemented to store the excess
treated wastewater in surface reservoirs but artificial recharge is not permitted. Due
attention shall be given to the quality of treated and groundwater and the characteristics
of the strata.
Industry: Industrial reuse of reclaimed wastewater represents major reuse next only to
irrigation in both developed and developing countries. Reclaimed wastewater is ideal
for many industrial purposes. Where effluent is to be used in the industrial processes, it
should be the responsibility of the industry to treat it to the quality standards required.
Waste water to achieve adequate quality for reuse as cooling water.
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The membrane filtration system can remove all suspended solids, fecal coliforms, and
giardia cysts. It could also significantly reduce human enteric viruses such as reovirus
and enterovirus.
Industrial uses for reclaimed water include: (i) Evaporative cooling water: (a) once-
Through cooling system (b) Re-circulating cooling system (C) cooling water quality
requirements (ii) Boiler –Feed water- The use of reclaimed water differs little from use
of conventional public supplies for boiler-feed water, as both require extensive
additional treatment quality requirement for boiler feed make up water are dependent
upon pressure at which boiler is operated (iii) Industrial process water- Suitability of
reclaimed water for use in industrial process depends upon particular use like- (a) Pulp
and paper (b) chemical industry. (c) Textile industry (d) Petroleum and coal
Re-use Options: The following options or re–use of effluent have been identified: In
general, public health concern is the major issue in any type of reuse of wastewater, be
it for irrigation or non-irrigation utilization, especially long-term impact of reuse
practices. It is difficult to delineate acceptable health risks and is a matter that is still
hotly debated. Potential reuse of wastewater depends on the hydraulic and biochemical
characteristics of wastewater, which determine the methods and degree of treatment
required. While agricultural irrigation reuses, in general, require lower quality levels of
treatment, domestic reuse options (direct or indirect potable and non-potable) reuses
need the highest treatment level. Level of treatment for other reuse options lie between
these two extremes. The reuse options may be (artificial recharge of aquifers is not
permitted):
i. Irrigation (a) Agriculture, horticulture and forestry (b) Landscaping
ii. Fish – farming
iii. Industry
iv. Non-potable Domestic Reuse:
The detailed project report should clearly define the best reuse option particular to
town and strategy to obtain it. Action plan with clarity should be the part of Detailed
Project Report (DPR), while preparing sewerage Projects. Before deciding the reuse of
treated waste water authority must full fill the water quality norms and its legal
implications.
Governing local body can sell the treated waste water and digested sludge to generate
the revenue.
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CHAPTER 4
SECTION II – MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
4.0 Municipal Solid Waste is safely managed and treated
Between March and April 2016, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,
Government of India notified the following rules:
i.
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016;
ii.
E- Waste (Management) Rules, 2016;
iii.
Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016;
iv.
Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016;
v.
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016; and
vi.
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement)
Rules,2016 and
vii.
Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001
4.1 Solid Waste
According to the SWM Rules 2016, solid waste includes solid or semi-solid
domestic waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste, institutional waste, catering and
market waste, and other non- residential waste, street sweeping, silt removed or
collected from surface drains, horticultural waste, agriculture and dairy waste,
treated bio-medical waste. This excludes industrial hazardous waste, untreated
bio-medical waste and e-waste, battery waste, and radio-active waste. Municipal
Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to a systematic process that comprises
of waste segregation and storage at source, primary collection, secondary
storage, transportation, resource recovery, processing, treatment, and final disposal of
solid waste.
4.2 Approaches for Solid Waste Management
4.1.1Decentralized and Centralized approach
4.1.2 Management of Multiple Solid Waste streams
4.1.3 Hierarchy of Waste Management – 5 Rs (Reduce - waste generator, Reuse – waste
generator/ companies/ government, Recycle/ Refurbish - waste generator/ NGOs/
companies, Recover - company and Remove – NGO/ company/ government).
4.1.4 Strategy and Service outcomes:
The overall strategy is to ensure 100% compliance to the SWM Rules 2016 and related
legislations and judgment of NGT w.r.t to municipal solid waste in all the cities and
towns through multi stakeholder partnership approach.
The specific strategy are: 100% Door to Door collection and Source Segregation
Efficient collection and safe and segregated transportation of wastes generated in the
cities 100%
treatment and scientific disposal facility & cost recovery
Better awareness among the urban population and community mobilization participation
Capacity Enhancement and Optimization of the human resources in SWM
Strengthen the existing bye-laws for better regulation and user charges
Encourage PPP in developing integrated treatment and disposal in scientific & safe
manner.
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4.3 Key Issues of Solid Waste Management:
ULBs lack resources, systems and capacity for development of treatment and disposal of
solid waste.
Lack of substantial capital and O&M expenses without corresponding and matching
revenues
Lack of support in financial, technical and project development at state level to ULBs in
identifying right technologies, processes, structuring projects and implementation. The
role of the technical and advisory agencies.
Lack of awareness about the importance of good SWM practices especially about waste
segregation
Lack of policy framework in operationalizing PPP in MSWM and contract competence Not
in my backyard (NIMBY) phenomenon, land acquisition is major issue in SWM projects
and is a major cause of delay; especially in processing & landfill facilities
Lack of technical expertise and institutional arrangements Inadequate equipment and
inappropriate technology choices
Lack of willingness to charge user fees provisions in Municipal Acts for levy of user
charges
Lack of Capacity in ULBs with reference to the processing technologies and scientific
landfills even after a decade.
Involving rag pickers and SHG in the waste management.
4.4 Strategic Interventions
The proposed Strategy employs the eleven (11) main elements:
I.
Providing land for the setting up processing plant and Scientific Landfill facility
II.
Segregation of waste at source
III.
Door to Door Collection of Waste generated
IV.
Waste minimization and promotion of recycling of waste
V.
Engaging stakeholders in implementation
VI.
Promotion of in-house composting facilities
VII.
Promotion of reuse of plastic waste
VIII.
Processing, Treatment and Disposal of Waste
IX.
Strengthening the capacities of the ULBs
X.
State Level Institutional arrangements & Program support
XI.
Funding of the SWM projects
XII.
Creation of buffer zone for cities generating more than 5 TPD of waste.
4.5 Future Plan:
State Government is under the process of preparation of an action plan to
provide efficient management of Solid Waste Management. As per the guideline laid in
the SWM Rule 2016, CPHEEO manual, SBM manual, the directions given by the NGT
from time to time and other regulatory bodies. Since the cluster approach is not viable
for the all ULBs of the state so maximum are having its own processing and landfill site.
Only for 9 ULBs government is having cluster approach.
Considering the facts that the operation and maintenance of the SWM projects
require considerable skill and marketing of by products, the Government has decided to
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execute these projects on PPP mode on the basis of “ Design, Built, Operate and
Transfer” on a concession period of minimum 20 years. .
4.6 Technology Approach and Initiatives:
All the treatment strategies for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are directed
towards reducing the amount of MSW that needs be land filled as well as utilizing the
materials present in the waste as a resources to the largest possible extent. Viewing the
characteristic and quantity of the waste in the state DPRs has been prepared or being
prepare based on Waste to Composting Technology. However viewing the interest of
the private parties in the RFP government has decided to keep open technology.
Government of Jharkhand has already taken initiative to attract Waste to Energy
plant Operator to bid in the tenders. The Government has already given power purchase
rate approval for Ranchi waste to energy plant by State Electricity Regulatory
Commission (SERC).
Capacity building of the ULBs officials many workshop and site visit activities has
been conducted during the 2016 – 17 and are in the future plan of the coming years. To
enhance and success of SWM projects intensive IEC and other awareness programs and
activities has been planned to create awareness among the citizens mainly about source
segregation, use of dustbins etc. Therefore, with a combination of IEC and enforcement
drive like Service Charges for Solid waste collection from door to door (Annexure – I)
the level of segregation is expected to increase.
Jharkhand will follow a policy whereby minimal amount of waste is sent to landfills by
following the 5 (five) Rs, namely reduce, reuse, refurbish, recycle and recover. The ultimate
goal will be to create value out of waste and produce a paradigm shift from garbage as
‘disposable’ to ‘renewable resource’.
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Seventh: Disposal
Landfill
(Scientifically)
The aim of this policy is to ensure cleaner streets and neighborhoods, improved quality of
life by reducing health and hazard risks (such as vector-borne diseases like dengue and
malaria) associated with garbage piles, and ensure segregation of waste and doorstep
collection at affordable rates. In order to effect this, the state will, in the next 10 years aim
to drastically improve the efficiency of waste processed, and eventually move to a
decentralized system for processing waste. The different categories of waste will be
managed efficiently at the ULB level, these are, e-waste, hazardous waste, health care
waste, plastic waste and construction and demolition waste.
Natural Resource/Raw
Material
Material input
First: Reduction
Reduce waste, by
products etc.
Second: Reuse
Use items
repeatedly
Production
(Manufacturing,
distribution) etc.
Third:
Recycling
Reuse the
materials as
raw
materials
Consumption
Discard/ Waste
Treatment
(Recycling,
incarnation etc.)
Fourth:
Refurbish
Use after
Fifth: Recover
Use are
modification
Sixth: Processing
(Composting, waste to
energy)
Segregation
Schematic Diagram for Waste Management
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CHAPTER 5
OTHER TYPES OF WASTE
5.1 E-Waste
Disposal of e-wastes is a particular problem faced in many cities. Computer wastes that are
landfilled produces contaminated leachates which eventually pollute the groundwater. The most
dangerous form of burning e-waste is the open-air burning of plastics in order to recover copper
and other metals. The toxic fall-out from open air burning affects both the local environment and
broader global air currents, depositing highly toxic by products in many places throughout the
world.
Remedial actions suggested
Several remedial actions has to be carried out so that the e-waste is managed properly in
all the urban areas. The major actions is being mentioned below. The important steps to
be taken for e-waste are
i.) Recovery and Reuse
ii.) Responsibility of Government/ ULB
iii.)
Responsibilities and role of Industries
Recovery and Reuse
Waste can be recovered on-site, or at an off-site recovery facility, or through inter
industry exchange. A number of physical and chemical techniques are available to
reclaim a waste material such as reverse osmosis, electrolysis, condensation,
electrolytic recovery, filtration, centrifugation etc. For example, a printed-circuit board
manufacturer can use electrolytic recovery to reclaim metals from copper and tin-lead
plating bath.
Responsibilities of the Government/ ULBs
(i) Department of Industries will be responsible for ensuring that every producer submits to
the department Extended Producer Responsibility Plan (EPR-Plan). The plan should
contain estimation of e-waste generation.
(ii) Department of Industries to ensure that the transportation of e-waste is done as par the
guidelines mentioned in the e-waste rules 2016.
(iii)
Department of Industries to ensure that the dismantling of e-waste is done in the
scientific manner as par the guidelines mentioned in the e-waste rules 2016.
(iv)
Department of Industries to ensure that the recycling of e-waste is done in the
scientific manner as per the guidelines mentioned in the e-waste rules 2016.
(v) Department of Industries will be responsible to ensure earmarking or allocation of
industrial space or shed for e-waste dismantling and recycling in the existing and
upcoming industrial park, estate industrial cluster.
(vi)
Industries department to set up regulatory department in the office, which will be
vested with the responsibility of coordinating and consolidating the regulatory
functions of the various government authorities regarding e-waste management at the
city level.
(vii) Industries department will be responsible for providing an adequate system of
regulations, controls and administrative procedures for e- waste and hazardous waste
management. Existing laws concerning e-waste disposal be reviewed and revamped. A
Jharkhand Gazette (Extraordinary), Tuesday, 8th January, 2019
25
comprehensive regulations that provides e-waste regulation and management and
proper disposal of hazardous wastes will be laid out. Such a law should empower the
department in the industries department to control, supervise and regulate the relevant
activities of government departments.
Under this policy the concerned department will do the following functions.
o Develop guidelines for the manufacturers, processors and importers to
deposit basic information on the e- materials handled by them from and to
maintain an inventory of these materials. The information should include
toxicity and potential harmful effects.
o Identify potentially harmful substances and ask the manufacturers,
processors and importers to test them for adverse health and
environmental effects.
o Manufacture, processing units, distributors and other agencies using these
kind of product give an action plan for recycling, proper handling and
disposal of electronic wastes at the city level.
o Encourage beneficial reuse of "e-waste" and encouraging business
activities that use waste". Set up programs so as to promote recycling
among citizens and businesses.
o Educate e-waste generators on reuse/recycling options
(viii) Industries department to enforce strict regulations against dumping e-waste in the
city. Where the laws are flouted, stringent penalties to be imposed.
a. Industries department to enforce strict regulations and heavy fines levied on industries, which
do not practice waste prevention and recovery in the production facilities.
(ix) Polluter pays principle and extended producer responsibility to be adopted.
(x) Industries department to encourage and support NGOs/ SHGs/Rag Pickers and
other organizations to involve themselves actively in recycling, reuse and proper
disposal the e-waste problems in the city.
(xi) Uncontrolled dumping is an unsatisfactory method for disposal of e-waste and
hazardous waste to be stopped and heavy penalty to be imposed on its violation.
(xii) Industries department to explore opportunities to partner with manufacturers and
retailers to provide recycling services.
(xiii) Industries department to stop the collection of the e-waste from the houses,
commercial area, industrial area, institutions etc. and the authorised agency have to
scientifically dispose the waste on their own
(xiv) Industries department to empanel authorised agencies for collection and disposal
of the e-waste.
Responsibility and Role of industries
1. Generators of wastes will take responsibility to determine the output
characteristics of wastes and if hazardous, should provide management options.
2. All personnel involved in handling e-waste in industries including those at the
policy, management, control and operational levels, should be properly qualified
and trained. Companies can adopt their own policies while handling
e-wastes. Some are given below:
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Use label materials to assist in recycling (particularly plastics).
Standardize components for easy disassembly.
Re-evaluate 'cheap products' use, make product cycle 'cheap' and so
that
it
has no inherent value that would encourage a recycling
infrastructure.
Create computer components and peripherals of biodegradable
materials.
Utilize technology sharing particularly for manufacturing and de
manufacturing.
Encourage / promote / require green procurement for corporate
buyers.
Look at green packaging options.
3. Companies working in the ULBs to adopt waste minimization techniques,
which will make a significant reduction in the quantity of e-waste generated and
thereby lessening the impact on the environment. It is a "reverse production"
system that designs infrastructure to recover and reuse every material contained
within e-wastes metals such as lead, copper, aluminum and gold, and various
plastics, glass and wire. Such a "closed loop" manufacturing and recovery system
offers a win-win situation for everyone, less of the Earth will be mined for raw
materials, and groundwater will be protected, researchers explain.
4. Manufacturers, distributors, and retailers will have to undertake the
responsibility of recycling/disposal of their own products.
5. Manufacturers and sellers of computer monitors, television sets and other
electronic devices containing hazardous materials to be held responsible for
educating consumers and the general public regarding the potential threat to
public health and the environment posed by their products. At minimum, all
computer monitors, television sets and other electronic devices containing
hazardous materials must be clearly labeled to identify environmental hazards
and proper materials management.
5.2 Hazardous Waste
As per Hazardous Waste Management rules 2016 the Urban Local bodies in Jharkhand
will follow the rules as stated in that. The ULB will follow the rules and all the
establishment under its jurisdiction will follow the rules specified in HWM 2016.
Remedial actions suggested
Several remedial actions has to be carried out so that the e-waste is managed properly in all the
urban areas. The major actions is being mentioned below. The important steps to be taken for e-
waste are
i.) Responsibilities of the occupier for management of hazardous and other wastes
ii.) Responsibilities of State Government for environmentally sound management of
hazardous and other wastes
iii.) Storage of hazardous and other wastes
iv.) Responsibility and the role of the Industry
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Responsibilities of the occupier for management of hazardous and other wastes. -
(1) For the management of hazardous and other wastes, an occupier shall follow the
following steps, namely:-
(a) Prevention;
(b) Minimization;
(c) Reuse,
(d) Recycling;
(e) Recovery, utilization including co-processing;
(f) Safe disposal.
(2) The occupier shall be responsible for safe and environmentally sound management
of hazardous and other wastes.
(3) The hazardous and other wastes generated in the establishment of an occupier shall
be sent or sold to an authorized actual user or shall be disposed of in an authorized
disposal facility.
(4) The hazardous and other wastes shall be transported from an occupier’s
establishment to an authorized actual user or to an authorized disposal facility in
accordance with the provisions of these rules.
(5) The occupier who intends to get its hazardous and other wastes treated and
disposed of by the operator of a treatment, storage and disposal facility shall give to the
operator of that facility, such specific information as may be needed for safe storage and
disposal.
(6) The occupier shall take all the steps while managing hazardous and other wastes to
contain contaminants and prevent accidents and limit their consequences on human
beings and the environment; and
(7) Provide persons working in the site with appropriate training, equipment and the
information necessary to ensure their safety.
Responsibilities of State Government for environmentally sound management of
hazardous and other wastes. –
(1) ULBs in collaboration with the Department of Industry in the State or any other
government agency authorized in this regard by the State Government, will ensure
earmarking or allocation of industrial space or shed for recycling, pre-processing and
other utilization of hazardous or other waste in the existing and upcoming industrial
park, estate and industrial clusters;
(2) ULB in collaboration with Department of Labor in the State or any other government
agency authorized in this regardby the State Government shall,-
(a) Ensure recognition and registration of workers involved in recycling, preprocessing
and other utilization activities;
(b) Assist formation of groups of such workers to facilitate setting up such facilities;
(c) Undertake industrial skill development activities for the workers involved in
recycling, pre-processing and other utilization;
(d) Undertake annual monitoring and to ensure safety and health of workers involved in
recycling, pre-processing and other utilization.
(3) Every State Government may prepare integrated plan for effective implementation
of these provisions and to submit annual report to the Ministry of Environment, Forest
and Climate Change, in the Central Government.
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Storage of hazardous and other wastes. -
(1) The occupiers of facilities may store the hazardous and other wastes for a period not
exceeding ninety days and shall maintain a record of sale, transfer, storage, recycling,
recovery, pre-processing, co-processing and utilization of such wastes and make these
records available for inspection:
Provided that the State Pollution Control Board may extend the said period of ninety
days in following cases, namely:-
(i) Small generators (up to ten tonnes per annum) up to one hundred and eighty days of
their annual capacity;
(ii) Actual users and disposal facility operators up to one hundred and eighty days of
their annual capacity,
(iii) Occupiers who do not have access to any treatment, storage, disposal facility in the
concerned State; or
(iv) The waste which needs to be specifically stored for development of a process for its
recycling, recovery, pre-processing, co-processing or utilization;
(v) In any other case, on justifiable grounds up to one hundred and eighty days.
Responsibility and Role of industries
1. Generators of hazardous wastes will take responsibility to determine the
output characteristics of wastes and if hazardous, should provide management
options.
2. All personnel involved in handling e-waste in industries including those at the
policy, management, control and operational levels, should be properly qualified
and trained. Companies can adopt their own policies while handling
hazardous-wastes.
3. Companies working in the ULBs to adopt hazardous waste minimization
techniques, which will make a significant reduction in the quantity of hazardous -
waste generated and thereby lessening the impact on the environment.
4. Manufacturers, distributors, and retailers will have to undertake the
responsibility of recycling/disposal of their own products.
5. Manufacturers and sellers of computer monitors, television sets and other
electronic devices containing hazardous materials to be held responsible for
educating consumers and the general public regarding the potential threat to
public health and the environment posed by their products. At minimum, all
computer monitors, television sets and other electronic devices containing
hazardous materials must be clearly labeled to identify environmental hazards
and proper materials management.
5.3 Bio – Medical/ Health-care waste
Of the total amount of waste generated by health-care activities, about 85% is general, non-
hazardous waste comparable to domestic waste. The remaining 15% is considered hazardous
material that may be infectious, chemical or radioactive.
Types of waste
Waste and by-products cover a diverse range of materials, as the following list illustrates:
Jharkhand Gazette (Extraordinary), Tuesday, 8th January, 2019
29
• Infectious waste: waste contaminated with blood and other bodily fluids (e.g.
from discarded diagnostic samples),cultures and stocks of infectious agents from
laboratory work (e.g. waste from autopsies and infected animals from
laboratories), or waste from patients with infections (e.g. swabs, bandages and
disposable medical devices);
• Pathological waste: human tissues, organs or fluids, body parts and
contaminated animal carcasses;
• Sharps waste: syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and blades, etc.;
• Chemical waste: for example solvents and reagents used for laboratory
preparations, disinfectants, sterilants and heavy metals contained in medical
devices (e.g. mercury in broken thermometers) and batteries;
• Pharmaceutical waste: expired, unused and contaminated drugs and vaccines;
• Cyctotoxic waste: waste containing substances with genotoxic properties (i.e.
highly hazardous substances that are, mutagenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic),
such as cytotoxic drugs used in cancer treatment and their metabolites;
• Radioactive waste: such as products contaminated by radionuclides including
radioactive diagnostic material or radiotherapeutic materials; and
• Non-hazardous or general waste: waste that does not pose any particular
biological, chemical, radioactive or physical hazard.
The major sources of health-care waste are:
• hospitals and other health facilities
• laboratories and research centers
• mortuary and autopsy centers
• animal research and testing laboratories
• blood banks and collection services
• nursing homes for the elderly
Key elements in improving health-care waste management will be:
• promoting practices that reduce the volume of wastes generated and ensure
proposer waste segregation;
• developing strategies and systems along with strong oversight and regulation to
incrementally improve waste segregation, destruction and disposal practices
with the ultimate aim of meeting national and international standards;
• where feasible, favouring the safe and environmentally sound treatment of
hazardous health care wastes (e,g, by autoclaving, microwaving, steam treatment
integrated with internal mixing, and chemical treatment) over medical waste
incineration;
• Building a comprehensive system, addressing responsibilities, resource
allocation, handling and disposal. This is a long-term process, sustained by
gradual improvements;
• raising awareness of the risks related to health-care waste, and of safe practices;
and
• Selecting safe and environmentally-friendly management options, to protect
people from hazards when collecting, handling, storing, transporting, treating or
disposing of waste.
Government commitment and support is needed for universal, long-term improvement, although
immediate action can be taken locally.
Based on the policy the Health department will addresses aspects such as regulatory framework,
planning issues, waste minimization and recycling, handling, storage and transportation,
treatment and disposal options, and training. The health department may assign an officer for
management of health waste.
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30
Duties and responsibilities of the Waste Management Officer.
The Waste Management Officer shall, in addition to his normal duties and
responsibilities, be responsible for the day-to-day implementation and monitoring of
the Waste Management Plan and in particular, shall –
(a) for waste collection –
(i)
play a major role to ensure internal collection of waste bags and waste
containers and their transport to the central storage facility wherever
possible;
(ii) give directions to the hospitals and other health facilities to ensure that
an adequate supply of waste bags, containers, protective clothing and
collection trolleys are available at all times;
(iii) give directions to ensure that sanitary staff and sweepers immediately
replace used bags and containers with the new bag and containers of
the same type on the required time or when it is full, and, where a
waste bag is removed from container, that the container is properly
cleaned before a new bag is fitted there in; and
(b) for waste storage –
(i)
ensure correct use of the central storage facility and that it is kept
secured from unauthorized access; and
(ii) prevent unsupervised dumping of waste bags and waste containers on
the hospital premises, even for short periods of time.
(c)
for waste disposal –
(i)
co-ordinate and monitor all waste disposal operations, and for this
purpose meet regularly with the concerned representative of the local
council;
(ii) ensure that the correct methods of transportation of waste are used
on-site to the central storage facility or incinerator if installed, and off-
site by the local council; and
(iii) ensure that the waste is not stored on the hospital premises for longer
than 24 hours, by coordinating with the incinerator operators and with
the local council.
(d) for incident management and control –
(i) ensure that emergency procedures are available and in place at all
times and that all staff members are aware of the action to be taken by
them;
(ii) investigate, record and review all incidents reported regarding hospital
waste management; and
(iii) record the quantities of waste generated by each department on a
weekly basis.
Health Waste Management Plan.
(1) The Health Waste Management Plan to be made and approved by the Health
department.
(2) The Health Waste Management Plan shall include -
(a) a plan of the hospital showing the waste disposal points for every ward and
department, indicating whether each point is for risk waste or non-risk
waste, and showing the sites of the central storage facility for risk waste and
the central storage facility for non-risk waste;
(b) details of the types, numbers and estimated costs of containers, plastic bags
and trolleys required annually;
(c)
time-tables including frequency of waste collection from each ward and
department;
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31
(d) duties and responsibilities for each of the different categories of hospital
staff members who will generate hospital waste and be involved in the
management of the waste;
(e) an estimate of the number of staff members required for waste collection;
(f)
procedures for the management of wastes requiring special treatment such
as autoclaving before final disposal;
(g) contingency plans for storage or disposal of risk waste in the event of
breakdown of incinerator, or of maintenance or collection arrangements;
(h) training courses and programmes; and
(i)
emergency procedures.
(3) The representatives of the local hospitals responsible for the collection and disposal
of waste from the hospital shall be consulted in drafting and finalization of the Waste
Management Plan.
(4) The Waste Management Plan shall be regularly monitored, reviewed, and revised
and updated by the Waste Management Team as and when necessary.
Waste segregation.
(1) Risk waste shall be separated from non-risk waste at source, that is at the ward
bedside, operation theatre, laboratory, or any other room in the hospital where the
waste is generated, by the doctor, nurse, or other person generating the waste.
(2) All disposal medical equipment and supplies including syringes, needles, plastic
bottles, drips and infusion bags shall be cut or broken and rendered non-reusable at the
point of use by the person using the same, or in case any such used equipment or
supplies is found or comes to the possession of any person, by such person.
(3) All risk waste other than sharps, large quantities of pharmaceuticals, or chemicals,
waste with a high content of mercury or cadmium such as broken thermometers or
used batteries, or radioactive waste shall be placed in a suitable container made of
metal or tough plastic, with a pedal type or swing lid, lined with a strong yellow plastic
bag. The bags shall be removed when it is not more than three quarters full and sealed,
preferably with self-locking plastic sealing tags and not by stapling. Each bag shall be
labeled, indicating date, point of production/ward/hospital, quantity and description of
waste, and prominently displaying the biohazard symbol. The bag removed should be
immediately replaced with a new one of the same type.
(4) Sharps including the cut or broken syringes and needles shall be placed in metal or
high-density plastic containers resistant to penetration and leakage, designed so that
items can be dropped in using one hand, and no item can be removed. The containers
shall be coloured yellow and marked "DANGER! CONTAMINATED SHARPS”. The sharps
container shall be closed when three quarters full. If the sharp container is to be
incinerated, it shall be placed in the yellow plastic bag with the other risk waste.
(5) Large quantities of pharmaceutical waste shall be returned to the suppliers. Small
quantities shall be placed in a yellow plastic bag, preferably after being crushed, where
this can be done safely.
(6) Large quantities of chemical waste, and waste with a high content of mercury or
cadmium shall not be incinerated, but shall be placed in chemical resistant containers
and sent to specialized treatment facilities.
(7) Radioactive waste which has to be stored to allow decay to background level shall
be placed in a plastic bag, in a large yellow container or drum. The container or drum
shall be labeled, showing the radionuclide's activity on a given date, and the period of
storage required, and marked 'RADIOACTIVE WASTE', with the radiation symbol. Non-
infectious radioactive waste which has decayed to background level shall be placed in
black plastic bags. Infectious radioactive waste which has decayed to background level
shall be placed in yellow plastic bags. High level and relatively long half-life
radionuclides shall be packaged and stored in accordance with instructions of the
original supplier under supervision of the Radiology Officer, and sent back to the
supplier for disposal.
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32
(8) Non-risk waste shall be placed in a suitable container lined with a black plastic bag.
Adequate numbers of non-risk waste containers shall be placed in all areas of the
hospital and notices affixed to encourage visitors to use them.
5.4 Construction and Demolition Waste
The waste management rules 2016 shall apply to every waste resulting from construction,
re-modeling, repair and demolition of any civil structure of individual or organisation or
authority who generates construction and demolition waste such as building materials,
debris, rubble.
(a)
"construction and demolition waste" means the waste comprising of building
materials, debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modeling, repair and
demolition of any civil structure;
(b)
“service provider’ means authorities who provide services like water, sewerage,
electricity, telephone, roads, drainage etc. often generate construction and demolition
waste during their activities, which includes excavation, demolition and civilwork;
(c)
“waste generator” means any person or association of persons or institution,
residential and commercial establishments including Indian Railways, Airport, Port
and Harbour and Defence establishments who undertakes construction of or
demolition of any civil structure which generate construction and demolition waste.
Duties of the waste generator -
(1)
Every waste generator shall prima-facie be responsible for collection, segregation of
concrete, soil and others and storage of construction and demolition waste generated, as
directed or notified by the concerned local authority in consonance with these rules.
(2)
The generator shall ensure that other waste (such as solid waste) does not get mixed
with this waste and is stored and disposed separately.
(3)
Waste generators who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons
per project in a month shall segregate the waste into four streams such as concrete, soil,
steel, wood and plastics, bricks and mortar and shall submit waste management plan and get
appropriate approvals from the local authority before starting construction or demolition or
remodeling work and keep the concerned authorities informed regarding the relevant
activities from the planning stage to the implementation stage and this should be on project
to project basis.
(4)
Every waste generator shall keep the construction and demolition waste within the
premise or get the waste deposited at collection center so made by the local body or
handover it to the authorized processing facilities of construction and demolition waste; and
ensure that there is no littering or deposition of construction and demolition waste so as to
prevent obstruction to the traffic or the public or drains.
(5)
Every waste generator shall pay relevant charges for collection, transportation,
processing and disposal as notified by the concerned authorities; Waste generators who
generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per project in a month shall have
to pay for the processing and disposal of construction and demolition waste generated by
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33
them, apart from the payment for storage, collection and transportation. The rate shall be
fixed by the concerned local authority or any other authority designated by the State
Government.
Duties of service provider and their contractors -
(1)
The service providers shall prepare within six months from the date of notification of
these policy, a comprehensive waste management plan covering segregation, storage,
collection, reuse, recycling, transportation and disposal of construction and demolition
waste generated within their jurisdiction.
(2)
The service providers shall remove all construction and demolition waste and clean
the area every day, if possible, or depending upon the duration of the work, the quantity and
type of waste generated, appropriate storage and collection, a reasonable timeframe shall be
worked out in consultation with the concerned local authority.
(3)
In case of the service providers have no logistics support to carry out the work
specified in sub- rules (1) and (2), they shall tie up with the authorised agencies for removal
of construction and demolition waste and pay the relevant charges as notified by the local
authority.
Duties of local authority-The local authority shall, -
(1)
issue detailed directions with regard to proper management of construction and
demolition waste within its jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of these rules and
the local authority shall seek detailed plan or undertaking as applicable, from generator of
construction and demolition waste;
(2)
chalk out stages, methodology and equipment, material involved in the overall
activity and final clean up after completion of the construction and demolition;
(3) seek assistance from concerned authorities for safe disposal of construction and
demolition waste contaminated with industrial hazardous or toxic material or nuclear waste
if any;
(4)
shall make arrangements and place appropriate containers for collection of waste
and shall remove at regular intervals or when they are filled, either through own resources
or by appointing private operators;
(5)
Shall get the collected waste transported to appropriate sites for processing and
disposal either through own resources or by appointing private operators;
(6)
shall give appropriate incentives to generator for salvaging, processing and or
recycling preferably in-situ;
(7)
shall examine and sanction the waste management plan of the generators within a
period of one month or from the date of approval of building plan, whichever is earlier from
the date of its submission;
(8)
shall keep track of the generation of construction and demolition waste within its
jurisdiction and establish a data base and update once in a year;
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34
(9)
shall device appropriate measures in consultation with expert institutions for
management of construction and demolition waste generated including processing facility
and for using the recycled products in the best possible manner;
(10)
shall create a sustained system of information, education and communication for
construction and demolition waste through collaboration with expert institutions and civil
societies and also disseminate through their own website;
(11)
shall make provision for giving incentives for use of material made out of
construction and demolition waste in the construction activity including in non-structural
concrete, paving blocks, lower layers of road pavements, colony and rural roads.
5.5 Plastic Waste Management
Plastics have made significant contribution in almost every field of human activity
today – agriculture, medical, transportation, piping, electrical and heat insulation,
packaging, manufacturing of household and electronic goods, furniture and other items
of daily or specific use. Plastics in medical products like disposable syringes, blister
packing of tablets and capsules, joint replacement prostheses, inter venous (IV) fluid
bottles, blood bags, catheters, heart valves, etc., have significantly helped supporting the
human life. Medical devices made of plastics are implanted into the human body.
Packaging is one of the most important applications of plastics. In fact, about 40% of
plastic materials worldwide are used in packaging applications. Plastics have
contributed in creating a sustainable, hygienic, energy efficient, cost effective and
environmental friendly packaging system. Versatility of plastics has allowed creating an
efficient pilfer proof, hygienic and cost effective packaging of food products like milk,
spices, edible oil, bread, confectioneries, rice, wheat flour, snack foods and various types
of medicines. Plastics are used for packaging of toiletries, cosmetics and host of other
consumer products of daily and special purpose use required all – rich or poor in urban
cities or in the villages. This has been possible due to the following attributes of plastic
materials: i. Safe and hygienic – inert and chemical resistance, ii. Light weight and non-
breakability, iii. Excellent barrier properties - enhancing shelf-life, iv. Superior impact
resistance, v. Sterilizable and resistance to bacterial and other microbial growth, vi.
Transparency as well as opacity, vii. Lower fuel consumption and product loss during
transportation.
Apart from the conventional recycling, which is popular in India, alternate processes of
plastic recycling are also required to be encouraged. Low-end, mixed and comingled
plastics waste can be used safely for co-processing in cement kilns. Industrial fuel can
be produced from all types of mixed plastics waste. Plastic waste has been used to
construct asphalt roads. All these processes have been successfully tried and
established in Indian conditions. Adherence for abiding to safe norms while recycling, as
stipulated by the regulatory authorities, is a must. Proper education, facility, incentives
and awareness can achieve this goal.
Types of Plastics and their Major Applications
The various types of plastics and their major applications are as follows:
Thermoplastics: These types of plastics become soft when heated, they can be
moulded or shaped with pressure when in plastic state and, when cooled, they solidify
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and retain the shape or mould. Some common thermoplastics with their uses and
properties are as follows: -
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET): Some common properties are: i. Tough and clear,
good strength and stiffness, chemical and heat resistant, good barrier properties for
oxygen and carbon dioxide. ii. It is used in-packaging, soft drink and mineral water
bottles, fibres for clothing, films, food containers, transport, building and appliance
industry (as it is fire resistant), etc.
High density polyethylene (HDPE): Some common properties: i. Good process ability,
excellent balance of rigidity and impact strength, excellent chemical resistance,
crystalline, melting point (130-1350C), and excellent water vapour barrier properties.
ii. Used for making blow moulded products (various types of containers, water bottles),
pipes, injection moulded products (storage bins, caps, buckets, mugs), films(carrier
bags), etc.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC):
Its properties are: i. Versatility, energy saving, adaptability to changing time and
environment, durability, fire resistance. ii. It is used in industries such as building and
construction, packaging, medical, agriculture, transport. Also used for making wires and
cables, furniture, footwear, domestic appliances, films and sheets, bottles, etc.
Low density polyethylene (LDPE): Characteristics of LDPE are: i. Easy process ability,
low density, semi crystalline nature, low melting range, low softening point, good
chemical resistance, excellent dielectric properties, low moisture barrier, poor abrasion
and stretch resistance. ii. It is used for making carrier bags, heavy duty bags, nursery
bags, small squeeze bottles. Also used in milk packaging, wire and cable insulation, etc.
Polypropylene (PP): Properties are: i. Low density, excellent chemical resistance,
environmental stress resistance, high melting point, good process ability, dielectric
properties, low cost, creep resistance. ii. Used for making bottles, medical containers,
pipes, sheets, straws, films, furniture , house wares, luggage, toys, hair dryer, fan, etc.
Polystyrene (PS): Some of the properties of polystyrene are: i. Glassy surface, clear to
opaque, rigid, hard, high clarity, affected by fats and solvents. ii. Used for making
electrical and communication equipment’s e.g. plugs, sockets, switch plates, coil forms,
circuit boards, spacers and housings. Also used for making containers, toys, wall tiles,
baskets, cutlery, dishes, cups, tumblers, dairy containers, etc.
Others plastics: There are many other types of plastics except these six types, often
used in the engineering sector. Examples include polycarbonate (PC), nylon, and
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).
Thermosets:
Thermosetting materials are those which once set cannot be remolded/softened by
applying heat. It includes phenol, melamine and urea formaldehyde, unsaturated
polyester, epoxy and polyurethanes. These materials are not recyclable. The
management of plastic waste is to be planned in such a manner that the plastic waste
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generated from various sources is suitably taken care of. The various sources of plastic
waste are shown in figure 1.
An overview of plastic waste management is exhibited in figure 2. The conventional
and new technologies adopted for plastic waste management are summarized here.
Conventional Technology for Plastic Waste Management
The conventional technology for plastic waste management involves recycling,
landfilling and incineration.
.
What needs to be done for its management in Jharkhand?
Recycling of plastics through environmentally sound methods:
Recycling of plastics will be carried out in such a manner that it minimizes the pollution
level throughout the process and, as a result, increase the efficiency of the process and
conserve the energy. Plastic recycling technologies have been divided into four general
types-primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
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Primary recycling will include processing of scrap/waste into a product with features
similar to the original product.
Secondary recycling will involve processing of waste plastics into products that have
characteristics dissimilar from those of original plastic products.
Tertiary recycling, wherever possible basic chemicals and fuels will be produced from
plastic scrap as part of the municipal waste stream or as a segregated waste.
Steps Involved in the Recycling Process are:
Selection: The recyclers will select the wastes which are suitable for recycling.
Segregation: The plastic will be segregated as per the codes stated in the BiS guidelines
(IS:14534:1998).
Processing After selection and segregation, the pre-consumer waste shall be recycled
directly. The post-consumer waste (used plastic waste) shall be washed, shredded,
agglomerated, extruded and granulated.
Landfilling:
This is a traditional approach to waste management, but space for constructing landfills
is becoming limited in Jharkhand. The landfill option will be slowly avoided and the
plastic recycling will be encouraged.
Incineration:
This process lessens the need for landfilling of plastics wastes, but, there are worries
that hazardous materials may be released into the atmosphere during this process. For
example, halogenated additives and PVC are usually present in mixed plastic waste
which leads to the threat of dioxins, furans and other polychlorinated biphenyls being
released into the environment. Only the hospital waste will be incinerated in a
controlled manner so as to reduce the pollution due to off-gas as it is not advisable to
recycle it.
The Recent Technologies for Plastic Waste Management will be applied
The recent technologies for plastic waste management are listed here.
Polymer Blended Bitumen Road: The process of road laying using waste plastics is
designed and the technique is being implemented successfully for the construction of
flexible roads at various places in Jamshedpur. The same option will be explored in
other cities/towns also. A brief description is given in the schematic diagram shown in
figure 3.
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Co-processing of plastic waste as an Alternative Fuel and Raw Material (AFR): Co-
processing refers to the utilization of waste materials in industry process such as
cement, production of lime or steel and power stations or any other large combustion
plants. Co-processing shows replacement of primary fuel and raw material by waste
recovering industry and material from waste. As Jharkhand is having a lot of industries
the option will be explored and put to use.
Co-processing of Plastic waste in Cement Kiln: One of the most effective methods of
recycling of plastics waste for recovery of energy is its use as an alternative fuel in
cement kilns. Apart from recycling of plastic for making new products and saving
energy, these will also be used to turn plastic into new energy sources. Plastic is
prepared from crude oil, which is the same raw material from which fuel is made. With
the help of this method, waste plastic will not be put to actual use, but it will help to
save the scarce crude oil resources left on earth. The high temperature used in the
cement kilns gives a scope for use of even some type of plastic waste contaminated with
toxic chemicals like pesticides and some other hazardous materials without creating
any increased emissions in the air or water. No segregation or cleaning is required for
such type of disposal. Low-end plastic waste, which creates a waste management
problem, may provide the vital energy to the cement industry. Jharkhand cement
industry will be encouraged to use this resource.
Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT): Plasma Pyrolysis is a technology, which put
together the thermo-chemical properties of plasma with the pyrolysis process. The
extreme and versatile heat generation ability of plasma pyrolysis technology enables it
to dispose of all types of plastic waste. This technology will be put to use after
discussion with the stke holders.
Process Technology: In Plasma Pyrolysis, initially the plastic waste is fed into the
primary chamber at 85000 C through a feeder. The waste material dissociates into
carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, higher hydrocarbons etc. Induced draft fan
drains the pyrolysis gases and plastic waste into the secondary chamber. In this
chamber, the pyrolysis gases are combusted in the presence of excess air. The
inflammable gases catch fire because of high voltage spark. The temperature in the
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secondary chamber is maintained at 105000 C. The hydrocarbon, hydrogen and CO are
combusted into water and safe carbon dioxide. Conditions are maintained such that it
eradicates the possibility of formation of toxic gases. The conversion of organic waste
into non toxic gases (CO2, H2O) is more than 99%. The excessive conditions of plasma
kill stable bacteria such as bacillus stereo-thermophilus and bacillus subtilis right away.
Segregation of the waste is not necessary, since very high temperatures make sure the
treatment of all types of waste without discrimination.
Conversion of Plastics Waste into Liquid Fuel: This technology is not very
complicated. As feedstock, it can accept a broad range of plastics, including those that
are unwashed, unsorted, or which are hard to recycle. Once the material is obtained, it
can be cut up into small pieces prior to its utilization, but current advancements have
led to the capability of putting larger pieces of plastic directly into the system. To start
the process, waste is laden into a hopper with a forklift.
The materials which can be loaded include plastic car bumpers, fuel tanks, product
packaging, component holders, agricultural film, and pharmaceutical packaging. Natural
gas is burnt to generate heat and get the process started once the hopper is in the
reactor. At this point a catalyst helps in breaking the plastic hydrocarbons into shorter
chain of molecules. The off-gases that are not going to be collected as fuel are used to
produce heat and keep the process going. The fuel oil and diesel are condensed from a
gaseous state into a liquid state, which are collected as the process continues. They are
placed into temporary fuel tanks. The process is controlled by an automated system.
5.6 Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules 2001
Batteries comes under the Hazardous Material and will be guided by Hazardous Waste
Management Rules 2016. The specific provisions made under the said rule will be adopted in the
state.
Mechanism of Implementing the Rules under the policy
The rules provide that manufacturers, dealers, assemblers, re-conditioners, auctioneers, bulk-
consumers, authorised recyclers and importers have to file half yearly returns on sale, collection
of used batteries and quantity sent to registered/authorised recyclers.
The rules also provide for registration/authorisation of dealers by SPCBs and registration of
importers by CPCB. Dealers, who are key stakeholders in these roles have to file half yearly
returns to manufacturers, who in turn have to file compiled half yearly returns to SPCBs.
Manufacturers are required to manage channelization through their dealer network and also
through their collection centres. One of the main responsibilities of manufacturers is also to
create awareness among the consumers and to implement take-back system for the end of life
batteries produced by them.
There is no provision of registering/authorising manufacturers, assemblers, re-conditioners,
auctioneers and bulk-consumers by SPCBs, therefore SPCBs may have to acquire data about
manufacturers on their own, which may include market survey, creating awareness and
vigilance mechanism. (However, provisions for developing registry of manufacturers,
assemblers, re-conditioner, bulk-consumers and auctioneers not specified under Rules)
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5.7 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICY
The Urban Development& Housing Department (UD&HD) of the Government of Jharkhand
will be responsible for developing a strategy to implement the policy covering all the 10
outcomes, along with the necessary institutional framework, provisions and guidance for
planning, monitoring, evaluation capacity building and funding.
Order: It is hereby ordered that the copy of this resolution be published in the Special
Gazette and wide publicity be given and circulated among all Department/Head of the
Department.
By order of the Governor of Jharkhand,
Ajay Kumar Singh,
Secretary to Government.
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Printed & Published by the Superintendent of Jharkhand Government Press, Doranda, Ranchi.
Jharkhand Gazette (Extraordinary) 11 -- 50.