xxxGIDHxxx

xxxGIDExxx

असाधारण

EXTRAORDINARY

प्राधिकार से प्रकाशित

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

भाग II- खण्ड 1

Part II-Section 1

केन्द्र-शासित प्रदेश लद्दाख प्रशािन

ADMINISTRATION OF UNION TERRITORY OF LADAKH

NOTIFICATION

Ladakh, Thursday, November, 10th, 2022

Ladakh UT-level Waste Management Policies

S.O.121- Whereas the Government of India had issued the Solid Waste Management Rules

2016, Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 and Construction and Demolition Rules, 2016.

Now in accordance with the same, the following waste management policies

are being notified in compliance with Rule 11 (a) and Rule 13 of Solid Waste Management

लद्दाख, 20 दिसंबर, 2022

LADAKH, TUESDAY, DECEMBER, 20, 2022

भारत सरकार

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

एस.जी.-एल.डी.-अ.-27122022-1175

SG-LD-E-27122022-1175

Rules, 2016; Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, and Rule 9 (1) of Construction and

Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016:

1. Solid Waste Management Policy, Strategy & Action Plan, September, 2022.

(Annexure-A).

2. Plastic-Smart Urban Ladakh Strategy and Action Plan, September, 2022.

(Annexure-B).

3. Policy and Strategy on Management of Construction and Demolition Waste,

September, 2022. (Annexure-C).

Terms of Reference:

1. The policies shall be read in conjunction with the Solid Waste Management

Rules, 2016, Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 and Construction and

Demolition Waste Management Rules,2016

2. The waste management policies shall act as the guiding principles for waste

management in the respective jurisdictions and shall base the formulation of

further rules and guidelines for waste management in the UT of Ladakh.

3. The respective scope of work has been mentioned in the respective

documents, however, similar policies, guidelines, strategies, and action plans

may be formulated by other jurisdictions, based on these policies.

It is further notified here that the Housing and Urban Development Department shall

be the nodal department for Waste Management of the aforementioned policies and

respective rules in line with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.

संजीवखखरवार) आईएएस, Sanjeev Khirwar(IAS),

प्रमुखसधिव,Principal/Secretary,

आवासएवंिहरीववकासववभाग,Housing & Urban Development Department.

SANJEEV

KHIRWAR

Digitally signed by SANJEEV

KHIRWAR

Date: 2022.12.20 15:28:05

+05'30'

AJEET

KUMAR

SAHU

Digitally signed

by AJEET KUMAR

SAHU

Date: 2022.12.27

10:35:03 +05'30'

Executive Summary

Ladakh already had a SWM Policy, and Strategy prepared in 2017 under the aegis of

J&K. However, Ladakh has come a long way in terms of its focus to implement solid

waste and sanitation programmes in a comprehensive and outcome-oriented manner

since it became a UT on 31st October 2019.

Ladakh’s most threatening impact towards the region is improper solid waste disposal.

With significant influx of tourists, solid waste has become a major problem for the

authorities and residents. Thus, formulation of a comprehensive SWM Policy has

become inevitable to regulate and manage the quantity of waste being generated and

disposed unscientifically.

This policy will be applicable and binding upon all the urban local bodies (including

census towns, notified areas), rural local bodies (including revenue villages and

hamlets), development authorities, other UT and central government departments,

establishments, line agencies and public offices. The policy is limited to Solid Waste

Management & Plastic Waste Management. However, collection of E-Waste,

Construction and Demolition Waste and Domestic Hazardous Waste from public is

envisaged in the document. Bio medical Waste and Radioactive Waste require higher

technical know-how and protocols for its safe handling. Thus, it is recommended to form

a separate policy pertaining to the same.

The key users of this policy will include all the Government departments of Union

Territory of Ladakh, Urban Local Bodies, Gram Panchayats, LAHDC, waste

management contractors and agencies, Recyclers and Bulk waste generators

(institutional, commercial).

The objectives of the SWM can be summarised as follows:

• To achieve “Zero waste” status by 2030 through sustainable interventions,

innovations, and technology

• 100% segregation of residential and commercial waste at source along

with processing of the segregated waste

• 100% door-to-door collection of solid waste from all properties including

industrial units outside designated industrial estates

• Integrated Waste Management (Centralized and Decentralized) for

Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable waste leading to minimum

disposal at Sanitary Landfill

• Management of C&D waste and recycling

• Elimination of any secondary waste collection points to achieve the vat-

free city

• Achieving and sustaining high Swacchata and GFC ranking in national

level

• SWM infrastructure compatible to extreme cold/dry climate

Some differentiating strategies that may be incorporated in the Union Territory of

Ladakh are:

• Mainstreaming Climate Change & Net-zero aspirations of Ladakh

o Bio-mining and capping of the legacy landfill sites will be done to stop

methane emission.

o Use of E-vehicles for collection and transportation of waste.

o Utilization of Renewable energy in the processing and treatment

plants.

o Emission monitoring system will be set up

o This policy will be in line with the Carbon Neutral Development of

Ladakh

• Cluster-based Approach considering dispersed and scanty settlements

and Urban Rural Continuum: Urban + Rural; Rural + Rural

o Provisioning for the Future: Construction and Demolition Waste

Management System (<500000 population)

• Provision of Circular Economy and Waste to Wealth

o Selling of compost

o Promotion of urban agriculture

o Engagement of rag pickers in dry waste sorting and recycling

o Engagement of self-help groups and local entrepreneurs/start-ups in

making products

• Focus on Tourism and Hospitality Industry

o The local bodies will charge tourists at entry points to sustain SWM

service at tourist destinations.

o Penalising based on ‘Pay-as-you-throw’ (PAYT) scheme to be

implemented by the MCs.

o Interception of single use plastic at all entry points to Ladakh.

• Hybrid Process: Combination of centralized and decentralized processing

and treatment

o Source level Systems

o Cluster / Community Level Systems: Horticulture and garden wastes,

market wastes

o Common Facility – UT will establish a district level, a Regional

Resource Recovery Centres (RRRCs) with the following functions:

▪ Receive segregated non-bio-degradable discards from bulk

waste generators which can be handled at MRFs

▪ Receive processed or semi processed bio-degradable discards

from MRFs for final processing and composting

▪ Receive segregated non-bio-degradable discards from MRFs

and process them for recovery

▪ Aggregate recyclables to process for recycling, channelize inert,

compost rejects, sanitary waste and residuals to landfill;

channelize construction demolition waste to holding facility,

channelize hazardous and E-Waste to authorized service

providers.

▪ Common Facility will not receive any type of waste from public

directly.

Key Activities & Milestones

The UT Administration of Ladakh is taking up following time-bound actions to

achieve sanitation goals:

Sl. #

Key Activities & Milestones

*Time limit w.e.f.

1^st May 2022

Finalization of all related policies, bye-laws at the UT and

Local Level

months

Setting up of all the Committees/Taskforces at the UT and

Local Level

months

Identification and procurement of suitable sites, including

obtaining necessary environmental clearances, for setting

up solid waste processing facility and sanitary landfill

facilities

months

Engagement of a UT level agencies for IEC/BCC and months

vii

Capacity Building

Engagement of Consultants for preparing DPRs

months

Enforcing waste generators to practice segregation of bio-

degradable, recyclable, combustible, sanitary waste

domestic hazardous and inert solid wastes at source

months

Completion of procurement of bins, C&T vehicles, PPE

kits as may be estimated in the DPRs

months

Completion of commissioning of all SWM processing

plants, MRFs and SLF

year

Ensuring 100% door-to-door collection of segregated

waste and its transportation in covered vehicles to

processing or disposal facilities.

year

Ensuring

100%

separate

storage,

collection

and

transportation of construction and demolition wastes

years

Ensuring

100%

separate

storage,

collection,

and

transportation of bio-medical wastes in collaboration with

the Health Department and PCC

years

Completion of Bioremediation or capping of old and

abandoned dump sites

ears

Commonly Used Abbreviations

ABS: Area Based System

AD: Anaerobic Digestion

BCC: Behaviour Change Communication

C&D: Construction & Demolition

CAA: Constitutional Amendment Act

CBOs: Community Based Organizations

CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO: Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization

CPWD: Central Public Works Department

CSI: City Sanitary Inspector

CSP: City Sanitation Plan

D2D: Door-to-door

DPR: Detailed Project Report

EIA: Environment Impact Assessment

EMP: Environmental Management Plan

EPR: Extended Producer Responsibility

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

GHG: Green House Gas GIS Geographic Information System

GP: Gram Panchayat

ICT: Information and Communication Technology

IEC: Information, Education and Communication

ISWM: Integrated Solid Waste Management

MoEF&CC: Ministry of Environment and Forests & Climate Change

MoUD: Ministry of Urban Development

MRF: Material Recovery Facility

MSWMP: Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan

NAC: Notified Area Committee

NAPCC: National Action Plan on Climate Change

NGO: Non- Government Organization

NMSH: National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

NUSP: National Urban Sanitation Policy

O&M: Operation and Maintenance

PCC: Pollution Control Committee / Ladakh Pollution Control Committee

PPE: Personal Protection Equipment

PPP: Public Private Partnership

RCA: Recycled Concrete Aggregates

RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete

RDF: Refuse Derived Fuel

RFID: Radio Frequency Identification

RWA: Resident Welfare Association

S.I.: Sanitary Inspector

S.O: Sanitary Officer

S.S.: Sanitary Supervisor

S.S.I: Sanitary Sub-Inspector

SC&T: Street Collection & Transportation

SHGs: Self Help Groups

SLB: Service Level Benchmark

SLF: Sanitary Landfill Facility

SOP: Standard Operating Procedure

SPCC: State Pollution Control Committee

SSS: State Sanitation Strategy

Definitions of commonly used terms

Aerobic

composting

A method of com-posting organic wastes using bacteria that

need oxygen. This requires that the waste be exposed to air,

either via turning or by forcing air through pipes that pass

through the material.

Anaerobic

digestion

A method of composting that does not require oxygen. This

composting method produces methane. Also known as

anaerobic composting.

Autoclaving

sterilization via a pressurized, high-temperature steam

process.

Baghouse

A combustion plant emission control device that consists of an

array of fabric filters through which flue gases pass in an

incinerator flue. Particles are trapped and thus prevented from

passing into the atmosphere.

Bio-degradable

material

Any organic material that can be broken down by

microorganisms into simpler, more stable compounds. Most

organic wastes (e.g., food, paper) are biodegradable.

Bioremediation &

Bio-mining

It refers to the excavation of old dumped waste and make

windrow of legacy waste thereafter stabilization of the waste

through bioremediation i.e., exposure of all the waste to air

along with use of composting bio-cultures, i.e., screening of

the stabilized waste to recover all valuable resources (like

organic fines, bricks, stones, plastics, metals, clothes, rags

etc.) followed by its sustainable management through

recycling, co-processing, road making etc.

Bulk

waste

generators

As per Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, “Bulk Waste

Generator” means and includes buildings occupied by the

Central Government Departments or Undertakings, State

Government Departments or Undertakings, Local Bodies,

Public Sector Undertakings or Private Companies, Hospitals,

Nursing Homes, Schools, Colleges, Universities, other

Educational

Institutions,

Hostels,

Hotels,

Commercial

Establishments, Markets, Places of Worship, Stadia and

Sports Complexes etc having an average waste generation

rate exceeding 100kg per day (of all waste streams put

together).

Cleaner

production

Processes designed to reduce the wastes generated by

production.

Co-disposal

the disposal of different types of waste in one area of a landfill

or dump. For instance, sewage sludges may be disposed of

with regular solid wastes.

Collection

The process of picking up wastes from residences,

businesses, or a collection point, loading them into a vehicle,

and transporting them to a processing, transfer, or disposal

site.

Combustibles

Burnable materials in the waste stream, including paper,

plastics, wood, and food and garden wastes.

Combustion

In MSWM, the burning of materials in an incinerator.

Composting

Biological decomposition of solid organic materials by

bacteria, fungi, and other organisms into a soil-like product.

Construction and

demolition debris

Waste generated by construction and demolition of buildings,

such as bricks, concrete, drywall, lumber, miscellaneous

metal parts and sheets, packaging materials, etc.

Controlled dump

A planned landfill that incorporates to some extent some of

the features of a sanitary landfill: siting with respect to

hydrogeological suitability, grading, compaction in some

cases, leachate control, partial gas management, regular (not

usually daily) cover, access control, basic record-keeping, and

controlled waste picking.

Disposal

The final handling of solid waste, following collection,

processing, or incineration. Disposal most often means

placement of wastes in a dump or a landfill.

Domestic

Hazardous waste

Used diapers, napkins, condoms, mosquito repellents,

chemical cleaning agents etc.

Energy recovery

The process of extracting useful energy from waste, typically

from the heat produced by incineration or via methane gas

from landfills.

Environmental

impact

assessment (EIA)

An evaluation designed to identify and predict the impact of an

action or a project on the environment and human health and

well-being. Can include risk assessment as a component,

along with economic and land use assessment.

Environmental

risk

assessment

(EnRA)

An evaluation of the interactions of agents, humans, and

ecological resources. Comprised of human health risk

assessment

and

ecological

risk

assessment,

typically

evaluating the probabilities and magnitudes of harm that could

come from environmental contaminants.

Hazardous waste

Waste that is reactive, toxic, corrosive, or otherwise

dangerous to living things and/or the environment. Many

industrial by-products are hazardous.

Heavy metals

Metals of high atomic weight and density, such as mercury,

lead, and cadmium, that are toxic to living organisms.

Incineration

The process of burning solid waste under controlled

conditions to reduce its weight and volume, and often to

produce energy.

Informal sector

The part of an economy that is characterized by private,

usually small-scale, labour-intensive, largely unregulated, and

unregistered manufacturing or provision of services.

Inorganic waste

Waste composed of material other than plant or animal

matter, such as sand, dust, glass, and many synthetics.

Integrated

solid

waste

management

Synchronized and coordinated use of a set of waste

management collection, transportation, processing, and

disposal methods, each of which can play a role in an overall

MSWM plan.

Landfill gases

Gases arising from the decomposition of organic wastes;

principally methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide.

Such gases may cause explosions at landfills.

Landfilling

The final disposal of solid waste by placing it in a controlled

fashion in a place intended to be permanent. The Source

Book uses this term for both controlled dumps and sanitary

landfills.

Materials

A facility for separating commingled recyclables by manual or

xii

recovery

facility

(MRF)

mechanical means. Some MRFs are designed to separate

recyclables from mixed MSW. MRFs then bale and market the

recovered materials.

Open dump

An unplanned "landfill" that incorporates few if any of the

characteristics of a controlled landfill. There is typically no

leachate

control,

access

control,

cover,

management, and many waste pickers.

Organic waste

Waste containing carbon, including paper, plastics, wood,

food wastes, and yard wastes. In practice in MSWM, the term

is often used in a more restricted sense to mean material that

is more directly derived from plant or animal sources, and

which can generally be decomposed by microorganisms.

Pollution

The contamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the

discharge of waste or other offensive materials.

Processing

Preparing

MSW

materials

for

subsequent

use

management, using processes such as baling, magnetic

separation, crushing, and shredding. The term is also

sometimes used to mean separation of recyclables from

mixed MSW.

Producer

responsibility

In the context of MSWM, a system in which a producer of

products or services takes responsibility for the waste that

results from the products or services marketed, by reducing

materials used in production, making repairable or recyclable

goods, and/ or reducing packaging.

Public place

Public place includes any road, arch road, viaduct, lane,

footway, alley or passage, highway, causeway, bridge, square

alley, or passage whether a thoroughfare or not over which

the public have a rite of passage, and such places to which

the public has access such parks, garden, recreation grounds,

playgrounds, beaches, water bodies, water courses, public

plazas and promenades, government and municipal buildings,

public hospitals, markets, slaughterhouses, courts, etc.

Pyrolysis

Chemical decomposition of a substance by heat in the

absence of oxygen, resulting in various hydrocarbon gases

and carbon-like residue

Recycling

The process of transforming materials into raw materials for

manufacturing new products, which may or may not be similar

to the original product.

Refuse-derived

fuel (RDF)

Fuel produced from MSW that has undergone processing.

Processing can include separation of recyclables and non-

combustible

materials,

shredding,

size

reduction,

and

pelletizing.

Sanitation

Sanitation is defined by the Ministry of Housing & Urban

Affairs (MoH&UA) in the National Urban Sanitation Policy

(2008) as ‘the safe management of human excreta, including

its safe confinement, treatment, disposal, and associated

hygiene-related practices’. The UT Administration of Ladakh

adopts a wider definition of Sanitation as “the safe

management of human excreta (urine and feces), solid waste

generated in all areas within jurisdiction of the UT including

industrial, airport authority and army cantonment areas. It

xiv

Contents

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... iv

Key Activities & Milestones .................................................................................................................................. vi

Commonly Used Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... viii

Definitions of commonly used terms ...................................................................................................................... x

Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1

Preface: ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2

Legal & Regulatory Framework & Mandates ........................................................................................... 1

1.3

Scope of this Document ............................................................................................................................. 2

1.4

Potential Users of this Document .............................................................................................................. 3

1.5

Vision ........................................................................................................................................................ 3

1.6

Objectives .................................................................................................................................................. 3

Chapter 2: Situational Assessment .......................................................................................................................... 5

2.1

Urban ......................................................................................................................................................... 5

2.2

Rural .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

2.3

Gaps & Challenges .................................................................................................................................... 7

Chapter 3: Principles & Strategies .......................................................................................................................... 8

3.1

Principles ................................................................................................................................................... 8

6-Rs for Total Waste Management ............................................................................................................ 8

Segregation at Source ................................................................................................................................ 9

iii

Resource Recovery .................................................................................................................................... 9

Co-disposal ................................................................................................................................................ 9

No Open Burning of Waste ....................................................................................................................... 9

Mainstreaming Climate Change & Net-zero Aspiration of Ladakh ........................................................ 10

vii

Promotion of Home Composting ............................................................................................................. 10

viii

Extended Producers’ Responsibility ................................................................................................... 10

Integration of informal sectors ................................................................................................................ 11

Dignity of Labour .................................................................................................................................... 11

3.2

Strategies ................................................................................................................................................. 12

Cluster-based Approach .......................................................................................................................... 12

Micro Planning ........................................................................................................................................ 12

iii

Decentralized Solid Waste Management & Disposal .............................................................................. 13

Sector-wise Targeted Intervention ........................................................................................................... 15

Ban on Single-use Plastic ........................................................................................................................ 15

Incentives / Disincentives ........................................................................................................................ 15

vii

Private Sector Participation ..................................................................................................................... 15

viii

Appropriate Technology ..................................................................................................................... 16

Promotion of Sustainable Public Procurement ........................................................................................ 16

Focus on Tourism & Hospitality Industry ............................................................................................... 17

Convergence and Financing .................................................................................................................... 17

Chapter 4: Process & facilities for Waste Management........................................................................................ 18

Proposed process flow ............................................................................................................................. 18

Provision of Land for future SWM infrastructure ................................................................................... 20

Chapter 5: Implementation Roadmap ................................................................................................................... 21

5.1

Legal & Regulatory Framework .............................................................................................................. 21

Local Body Bye-Laws ............................................................................................................................. 21

Notifications & Orders ............................................................................................................................ 21

5.2

Institutional Framework .......................................................................................................................... 21

Institutional Framework at the UT level .................................................................................................. 21

Institutional Framework for the Urban Areas .......................................................................................... 22

iii

Institutional Framework for the Rural Areas ........................................................................................... 24

5.3

Training & Capacity Building ................................................................................................................. 25

5.4

IEC/BCC ................................................................................................................................................. 25

5.5

Activating Stakeholders’ Participation .................................................................................................... 26

5.6

Monitoring Arrangements ....................................................................................................................... 27

Chapter 6: Way Forward ....................................................................................................................................... 28

6.1

Time-bound plan of Action ..................................................................................................................... 28

Annexures ............................................................................................................................................................. 29

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1

Preface:

A waste crisis is clearly emerging in the Ladakh region, fuelled by rising

quantities of waste and changing consumption patterns, increasing tourist

footfall on the one hand, and incompatible regulation and management on the

other. The waste-to-resource approach promotes a paradigm shift in the

management of solid waste alongside the management of waste, which is an

important pillar of our waste management approach. Thus, this policy

document is not titled as a waste management policy, but as resource

management policy.

Figure 1 Importance of SWM Strategy

The scientific Solid Waste Management (SWM) assumes importance with the

increasing urban population, changing living styles and its importance in

general life for good health. Considering its importance, Ministry of

Environment and Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has notified the

Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 vide notification No. S.O.1357(E)

dated 8th April 2016 in supersession of Municipal Solid Waste (management

& handling) Rules, 2000. In conformity with Rule 11 (1) (a) of Solid Waste

Management Rules, 2016, “Union territory of Ladakh Solid Waste

Management Policy” is being notified to ensure scientific and systematic

management of solid waste in the UT of Ladakh.

1.2

Legal & Regulatory Framework & Mandates

73^rd and 74^th Constitutional Amendment, 1992

Lay down the functions of GPs and ULBs, which have since been recognized as

third tier of Government, for scientific and systematic solid waste management as

per prescribed SWM Rules 2016.

Municipal SWM (Management and Handling) Rules in 2000 under the

Environment Protection Act of 1986

Mandates all municipal authorities to implement improved systems of waste

management as spelt out in the rules, not only class I cities.

Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2016

Focuses on the principal of 3Rs (reduce, re-use and re-cycle), source

segregation and appropriate processing/ management of biodegradable and

non-biodegradable closest to point of generation to reduce the financial

burden on the urban local bodies (ULBs) and natural resources and

elimination of environmental degradation.

Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016

Rule 11 states that the Secretary, Urban Development Department in the State

through the Commissioner or Director of Municipal Administration or Director of

Local bodies will prepare a state policy and solid waste management strategy for

the state in consultation with stakeholders including representative of civil society

organizations working in the field waste management.

Rule 15 states that the local authorities and Panchayats of census towns and

urban agglomerations will prepare a solid waste management plan as per state

policy and strategy on solid waste management within six months form the date of

state policy and submit a copy to respective departments of State Government or

agency authorized by State Government.

The Rules also mandate the development of a bye-law¹ on solid waste

management in the region by the Local Self Governing Authorities. The Local

Authorities will decide user fee, incentives, conditions for licensing, fines, and other

penal action for non-compliance of directives of the Solid Waste Management Rules

or Bye-laws.

Some of the other regulations pertaining to city sanitation and waste management,

applicable to local bodies are given in Point no. 8 of the Annexure.

Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban and Grameen)

To improve solid waste management, and Open Defecation Free (ODF) statuses in

cities and rural areas. Swachha Survekshan, an annual survey exercise by MoHUA

as part of SBM, is being conducted to enable cities to perform on Solid waste

management indicators and rank them under various categories such as Open

Defecation Status and Garbage Free Cities (GFC).

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Building upon the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 17 SDGs

have been laid down and 169 targets to be achieved by the year 2030 including

universal access to clean water and sanitation and to ensure universal access to

safe and affordable drinking water by 2030 by investing in adequate infrastructure,

provision of sanitation facilities and encourage hygiene at every level.

1.3

Scope of this Document

• The policy is limited to Solid Waste Management & Plastic Waste

Management.

• Biomedical Waste, E-waste, Radioactive Waste etc. require advanced

technical processing and protocols for its safe handling. As per the

1 Sec.15(e) Solid Waste Management Rules 2016- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change – Govt. of India

Notification 8th April 2016

provisions laid under E-Waste Management Rules 2016, the Ladakh

Pollution Control Committee with the support of the concerned

Departments of the Government of Ladakh will make a separate

strategy and action plans and would eventually set up common

processing cum recycling system for managing these waste streams.

Suitable options of private sector participation would be examined for

this.

• As per the population criteria, the management of C&D waste is not a

mandate for the local bodies in Ladakh. However, looking at the recent

growth in the construction and infrastructure activities, the UT has

decided to address this with suitable interventions.

• The policy will be applicable and binding upon the all the urban local

bodies (including census towns, notified areas), rural local bodies

(including revenue villages and hamlets), development authorities,

other UT and central government departments, establishments, line

agencies, public offices etc.

1.4

Potential Users of this Document

This policy is aimed to provide guidelines and strategy for improvement of Solid

waste management in the Union Territory of Ladakh. The main users include The

Government departments of Union Territory of Ladakh, Urban Local Bodies, Gram

Panchayats, LAHDC, Waste management contractors and agencies, Recyclers, and

Bulk waste generators (institutional, commercial).

1.5

Vision

“Attaining Garbage-free Ladakh by means of energy efficient and carbon-

neutral waste management and making Ladakh the cleanest region in the

country.”

1.6

Objectives

In order to realise the vision of the Government of Ladakh, the following objectives

have been laid out. Each of the objectives highlights an aspect to be achieved in the

SWM sector.

• To achieve “Zero waste” status by 2030 through sustainable

interventions, innovations, and technology

• 100% segregation of residential and commercial waste at source along

with processing of the segregated waste

• 100% door-to-door collection of solid waste from all properties

including industrial units outside designated industrial estates

• Integrated Waste Management (Centralized and Decentralized) for

Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable waste leading to minimum

disposal at Sanitary Landfill

• Management of C&D waste and recycling

• Elimination of any secondary waste collection points to achieve the vat-

free city

Chapter 2: Situational Assessment

According to Census 2011, the total population of Leh district is 133487, out of

which the urban population is 45671 and the rural population is 87816.

Similarly, the total population of Kargil district is 140802, out of which the

urban population is 16338 and the rural population is 124464.

2.1

Urban

There are currently 02 ULBs in the Union Territory of Ladakh, i.e., Municipal

Council Leh & Municipal Council Kargil.

Table 1 Current Waste Management in MC Leh and Kargil [source: MC Leh and Kargil]

Description

MC Leh

MC Kargil

Total Urban

Population

30870

16338

47208

Number of Business Establishment

(2021)

586

1500

586

Total Number of Households

7360

2446

9806

Number of households covered by

door-to-door collection

100%

Estimated

Total

Wet

waste

generated (Daily Avg. in MT)

4.358 TPD

1.961 TPD

Estimated

Total

Dry

waste

generated (Daily Avg. in MT)

6.358 TPD

2.941 TPD

Estimated Inert Waste

1.634 TPD

0.735 TPD

Estimated Plastic Waste generated

(Monthly average in MT)

4.021 TPD

1.22 TPD

Municipal MSW Processing Plant

(Under

Construction)

Number of Sanitary Landfill Sites

(SLF)

(under

construction)

1 (proposed)

Number

Material

Recovery

Facility (MRF)

Total number of Safai Karamcharis

115

Currently, the waste management in urban areas of Ladakh is primarily undertaken

in two ways:

The waste is collected and sent to the landfills

ii.

The waste is sent to a Material Recovery Facility (MRF), what’s

recyclable is sold to recyclers, what’s not is sent to incinerators

The Safai karamcharis who provide door-to-door collection service use thermocol

boxes as compartments and segregate household waste. Some bulk generators like

hotels and guest houses have their own on-site facility to recover plastic waste, as

well as segregate wet and dry waste. Currently, Leh and Kargil has 100% source

segregation of waste. The primary waste generators in UT Ladakh include both bulk

waste generators and domestic waste generators. The household waste is generally given

without any segregation, thus becoming convoluted by the plastic along with the dry and

wet waste generated. This mixed waste is then sent to MRFs, then the unrecyclable or

non-salvageable material is sent to landfills or incinerators which further causes harm. The

bulk waste generators, as per Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, like hotels,

commercial markets, schools, colleges, universities, other educational institutions,

government buildings, etc. may have average waste generation capacity of more than 100

kg per day. The hospital waste is not to be mixed with municipal solid waste and shall be

treated as per Bio-medical Waste Management Rules, 2016. Since plastic currently lacks

various economical and available alternatives, it stays in circulation and causes further

deterioration in the habitat, as well as in the nature. Limited institutional, infrastructure and

operational capacity are the biggest challenges in mitigating plastic waste in the UT.

2.2

Rural

Leh:

The Leh district administration in collaboration with the local Rural Development

Department and support from the Leh Autonomous Hill Development Council

(LAHDC), started ‘Project Tsangda,’ an initiative towards sustainable waste

management in rural and semi-rural areas of the district, on December 13, 2017.

Since inception, substantial amount of waste has been sold to scrap dealers and

reused in making plenty of recyclable products like biofuel bricks from the discarded

cardboards, egg trays and other agriculture wastes. Similarly, paper and cloth waste

were used for making decorative items, curtains, toys, cushion covers, etc.

Wine/beer bottles and other broken glasses were also reused in construction of

roads and buildings by agencies like Public Works Department, General Reserve

Engineer Force (GREF) of the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other

construction companies thereby, generating a good amount of revenue for the

department to run the project, besides playing a big role in health and

environmental upgradation with reduction in air and water pollution.

Table 2 Current Waste Management in Rural Areas in Leh and Kargil

Sr.

Description

Leh (Rural)

Kargil (Rural)

Current Population (estimated 2021)

92709

127382

Waste Generation 2021

14 TPD

14.59 MTD

Household Level Coverage SWM

13%

4.05%

Segregation of Waste at Source

80%

Extent of door-to-door collection

20%

4.05%

Compost plant for biodegradable waste

Material Recovery Facility for non-biodegradable waste

Scientific disposal of inert at SLF

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

30%

Efficiency in collection of SWM related user charges

30%

Extend of cost recovery in SWM Services

30%

Nil

Source: Office of the Assistant Commissioner of Development (Rural)

Kargil:

Solid liquid waste management in Rural areas of district Kargil is being taken

up under CSS SBM (G) and State Development Package 2020-21. The funds

under SDP 2020-21 are yet to be utilized for construction of segregation

sheds at block TSG, Zanskar, Shargole, Drass and Sankoo (waste resource

centers), which could not be taken up due to due Covid pandemic situation.

Rural Development Department, Kargil has recently submitted Annual

Implementation Plan (AIP) for the year 2021-22 and Project Implementation

Plan (PIP) for the period 2021-22 to 2025-26, which covers Solid and Liquid

Waste Management (SLWM) in the entire rural areas of district Kargil. Total

solid waste generated in Kargil rural is 40.99 MT per day.

2.3

Gaps & Challenges

To summarise, the current SWM system in the UT of Ladakh has the following

challenges to be addressed:

• 100% segregation of residential and commercial waste at source is to

be optimized.

• The D2D collection of waste across the UT is to be optimized with

greater efficiency and prevent collection leakages in the process.

• Limited capacity for scientific waste treatment and/or processing.

• Lack of provision for in-situ and decentralized processing of

biodegradable waste at neighbourhood/ward/zone level.

Figure 2 Initial Strategizing for gap management

• Availability of skilled human resource for waste management,

especially during the long winters.

• High seasonal variation of waste generation, low calorific value of

waste, extreme low temperatures together pose challenge toward

selection of appropriate technology solution.

• High tourist footfall and floating population during March to November

creates additional burden on the waste management system.

• Lack of legal and regulatory framework to enforce penal measures for

the offenders.

• Limited institutional capacity at the cutting-edge level at the local

bodies.

Chapter 3: Principles & Strategies

3.1

Principles

The guiding principles for Solid Waste Management in Ladakh is as follows:

6-Rs for Total Waste Management

• RETHINK –Use of products such as thermocol, plastic wraps, and

other single use plastics, or things with limited lifespans, as well as

local processing of other non-biodegradables.

• REDUCE – Promoting wise and rational use of materials to consume

less, resulting in less waste generation and exploring multi-purpose

products, and bulk purchases wherever possible. e.g., buying larger

sizes of toiletries, washing detergent, non-perishable food (pasta, rice,

lentils), etc.

• REUSE - To identify components/products that can be reused,

refurbished, repaired, or re-implemented as spares, thus reducing

waste, and increasing revenues from what was previously considered

waste. CSOs or aggregators may be empanelled who will collect such

items and give them a new lease of life.

• RECYCLE - To discover if and how waste can be turned into new

substances or products by citizens and administration alike.

Figure 3 SWM Approach

• RECOVER - To optimize the value chain of waste; suitable material

recovery and processing facilities are to be set up to convert

biofertilizer, extraction of energy from compostable waste to produce

biofuels, electricity, and other useful products.

• RESEARCH – The UT will work with producers, incubators, and

research institutions to incorporate best national/global practices and

would promote innovation for locally suitable processing technologies,

development substitute materials to plastic etc.

The primary focus of Solid Waste Management will be on waste

reduction². Green protocol will be made mandatory across all sectors to

eliminate single use plastic products and to bring down use of low value

small format plastics. The Government will promote alternate products and

services

that

can

replace

wasteful,

ecologically

unviable,

and

unsustainable products.

ii Segregation at Source

100% source segregation at source, segregated collection and

transportation of solid waste will be mandatory for solid waste

management plans of Local Authorities. Segregation will mean sorting and

separate storage of various components of solid waste namely

biodegradable wastes including agriculture and dairy waste, non-

biodegradable

wastes

including

recyclable

waste,

non-recyclable

combustible waste, sanitary waste and non-recyclable inert waste,

domestic hazardous wastes, and construction and demolition wastes

[3(44) SWM Rules, 2016].

iii Resource Recovery

The Solid Waste Management systems will be oriented towards maximum

recovery of resources from discards for recycling and reuse. Swap shops,

Waste Exchange Programs, Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs)³and

Resource Recovery Centres will be used to ensure maximum recovery of

resources.

iv Co-disposal

The Solid Waste Management systems will be oriented towards optimizing

the value recovery by adopting co-disposal. For instance, sewage sludges

may be combined with the organic compost for enhancing their nutrient

value that would fetch higher revenue for the local bodies.

v No Open Burning of Waste

Burning of solid waste is a destructive and polluting process; hence no

solid waste will be allowed to get disposed through open or closed burning,

incineration4, co- incineration5, or any other thermal processes. Burning of

2 Sec.11(b), Solid Waste Management Rules 2016- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change – Govt. of India

Notification 8th April 2016

3 Sec.3(31) Solid Waste Management Rules 2016- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change – Govt. of India

Notification 8th April 2016

4 Incineration plant: any stationary or mobile technical unit and equipment dedicated to the thermal treatment of wastes with or

without recovery of the combustion heat generated. This includes the incineration by oxidation of waste as well as other thermal

treatment processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, or plasma processes in so far as the substances resulting from the treatment

are subsequently incinerated. (Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament – 4 December 2000)

biodegradable / recyclable materials will be strictly prohibited. Whereas,

Rule 15(g) of Solid Waste Management Rules,2016 makes it incumbent

upon local authorities and Panchayats to direct the waste generators not to

litter i.e., throw scientifically dispose of any waste such as paper, water

bottles, liquor bottles, soft drink canes, tetra packs, fruit peel, wrappers,

etc. or burn or burry waste on streets, open public spaces, drains, water

bodies and to segregate at source as prescribed under these rules and

hand over the segregated waste to the authorized waste pickers or waste

collectors authorized by the local body.

vi Mainstreaming Climate Change & Net-zero Aspiration of

Ladakh

When organic waste decomposes, carbon dioxide and methane gas is

created. Rubbish sent to a dumpsite or landfill represents a significant

amount of such greenhouse gases’ emissions to the atmosphere and have

contributed to climate change. Open dumping of unsegregated waste

pollutes the freshwater streams and burning releases major pollutants

often linked to the glacier melt.

Climate change has accelerated the need to find measures to reduce and

manage the waste we create. Reduction and reuse of waste will help

reduce pressure on the planet’s natural resources while potentially

reducing emission of greenhouse gases created through mass production

and burning of fossil fuels. Bio-mining and capping of the legacy landfill

sites will be done to stop methane emission. Battery operated vehicles

would be used for collection and transportation of waste. Renewable

energy would be used in the processing and treatment plants.

As per Rule (F)(i) of Solid Waste Management Rules,2016, “Landfill gas

control system including gas collection shall be installed at landfill site to

minimize odour, prevent off-site migration of gases, to protect vegetation

planted on the rehabilitated landfill surface. For enhancing landfill gas

recovery, use of geo-membranes in cover systems along with gas

collections wells should be considered.

vii Promotion of Home Composting

To create ownership among the community toward waste management

and environment and health improvement, the UT will actively promote

and incentivize home composting so that minimum waste comes to the

system. Water efficient and all-climate urban farming and kitchen

gardening would be promoted.

viii Extended Producers’ Responsibility

“My Waste is My Responsibility” will be the underlying principle, where

manufacturers/producers have to assume the responsibility of the waste

generated in their premises. Industries, businesses, and other bulk waste

generators will be responsible under Extended Producer Responsibility6

for source level segregation, storing and recovery of solid waste. The

manufacturers, brand owners and distributors will be held responsible and

5 Co-incineration plant: any stationary or mobile plant whose main purpose is the generation of energy or production of material

products (Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament – 4 December 2000)

6 Sec.3(21) Solid Waste Management Rules 2016- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change – Govt. of India

Notification 8th April 2016

liable of collection, sorting, transportation, storing and recovery of

plastics⁷, E-waste⁸, Hazardous waste and absorbent hygiene products.

The Government will enforce mechanisms based on the provisions of

Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016, E-Waste Management Rules

2016, and Hazardous Waste Management Rules 2016. Rule 17(1) of Solid

Waste Management Rules,2016 mandates manufacturers of disposable

products such as tin, glass, plastics packaging, etc. or brand owners who

introduce such products in the market shall provide necessary financial

assistance to local authorities of waste management system. Similarly,

Rule 17(2), 17(3) and 17(4) also outlines the clear roles, and

responsibilities, and puts the onus of packaging, collection, disposal and

education lies on the manufacturers, brand owners or marketing

companies.

ix Integration of informal sectors

The informal sector – waste/rag pickers and scrap dealers – will be

integrated⁹ to the UT level Solid Waste management regime as primary

partners. The informal sector will be represented¹⁰ in UT Level Advisory

Body which has already been constituted vide Order no. 35-LA(GAD) of

2022, dated 15.02.2022. The Government of Ladakh recognizes the role of

informal sector which involves waste pickers and scrap dealers who are

connected to the larger national network of recycling. Priority will be given

to the informal sector when it comes to assign the right over discards /

scrap materials. The waste pickers and scrap dealers will be identified and

authorized to collect / receive, discards from public and government

institutions for recycling. They will be integrated as partners of Solid Waste

management network in the UT of Ladakh.

x Dignity of Labour

The services of people engaged in solid waste management will be

recognized as environmental services and the people will be considered

as skilled labour and / or technicians. The services of cleaning, waste

collection, transportation, sorting, disassembly, processing, recycling will

be considered as environmental services which ensures environmental

and public health. The people engaged in these jobs will be technically

trained and updated periodically to elevate the status of such jobs. The

Government will ensure the dignity of labour by providing safe and

hygienic working environment including adequate PPE, economic

opportunity and social security for the people engaged in the

environmental services. Campaigns will be directed towards marketing

services related to waste.

Both MC Leh and Kargil have notified the establishment of ‘Responsible

Sanitation Authority’. The operational helpline service for sanitation

emergencies in Leh is 400027 and for Kargil is 14420.

7 Sec 9(1-5), Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Govt. of India. 18th

March 2016.

8 Sec 3(t,u,v), Sec.5(1) a,b,d,g, Sec.5(2), Sec.5(3), Sec.5(6), Sec.5(7) E-Waste Management Rules 2016, Ministry of

Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Govt. of India. 1st October 2016.

9 Sec.11(c), Sec.15(h), Solid Waste Management Rules 2016- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change – Govt. of

India Notification 8th April 2016

10 Sec.11(c), Sec.15(h), Solid Waste Management Rules 2016- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change – Govt. of

India Notification 8th April 2016

3.2

Strategies

The Strategies for solid waste management that would be adopted in

Ladakh are as follows:

Cluster-based Approach

Ladakh is a scantily populated state and considering the urban-rural

continuum, a cluster-based approach for SWM will be adopted. Solving the

problem of production and consumption waste is becoming one of the

priority areas, since it simultaneously contains the following components:

economic (disposal cost, saving natural resources), environmental

(reducing releases of harmful substances into the environment) and social

(new jobs, reducing the burden of diseases, fostering an attitude of care

towards nature among the population). The creation and development of

regional clusters of waste processing can be a key element in solving the

problem.

The Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) or the Rurban

Mission of the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India aims at

developing infrastructure and livelihood opportunities in cluster of Gram

Panchayats that demonstrate economic growth potentials. This is being

executed by converging schemes from the Central and various State

government departments, coupled with a critical gap fund provided by the

Rurban Mission. One of the components many of the ICAPs (Integrated

Cluster Action Plans) have solid waste management in Rurban clusters.

The GPs in every Rurban cluster has a Cluster Development Management

Unit (CDMUs), which is a representative body of all the GPs in the cluster.

The same CDMU can sign an MoU amongst themselves, including the

adjoining ULBs, detailing out the waste management arrangement in the

cluster, unless the CDMU members decided otherwise such as a new

body such as Cluster Waste Reduction & Management Committee

(VWSC) may assume such role. The MoU thus prepared will clarify the

powers and functions of every participating GP and ULB, the role of

households, the role of sanitation workers, and other provisions that a

waste management system may entail. This document [MoU] will be the

reference point for obtaining clarification in case there is a dispute,

misunderstanding or non-participation, non-cooperation, non-compliance

to any aspect of the waste management chain / system.

ii Micro Planning

A Micro Plan is a process of creating a solid waste management plan for

the smallest unit of management, by splitting the Ward into operational

Blocks/Bits. This helps in achieving the service level benchmark by

optimizing the operational effectiveness of system, rationalization of

human resources and cost.

The process includes:

• Route rationalization for movement of collection and transportation

vehicles.

• Identification of willing block residents (two per block) to volunteer

as SafaiMitra, to create door-to-door awareness and improve the

quality of segregation at source.

• Allotment of one Auto-Tipper for the block with the details of the

Vehicle and driver given to the block residents.

• Planning and scheduling periodic drain and sewer cleaning.

• Geo-fencing the block and tracking the Auto-tipper to ensure

reliable and timely collection.

• Scheduling Block-wise pick up of wet and dry waste collection from

all bulk and non-bulk sources.

• Scheduling street sweeping.

• Empowering the SafaiMitra to monitor the collection through phone

apps and report non-compliance in their block. Following measures

are proposed for improving the dignity and working conditions of the

Safai Mitra Karamcharis:

o Complete prohibition of manual scavenging - Upholding the ban and

vigilant monitoring of the provisions mentioned under ‘The Prohibition

of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act,

2013.’ The local bodies to ensure that no person needs to enter a

sewer or septic tank, unless absolutely unavoidable in the interest of

greater public hygiene. The initiative, that promotes mechanized

cleaning, also aims to ensure that no life of any sewer or septic tank

cleaner is ever lost again owing to the issue of 'hazardous' cleaning.

o Dignity of labour - It is necessary to protect sanitation workers and

prevent them from being stigmatized in society. A variety of

measures are to be ensured by the local bodies to mitigate the

occupational risk, including provision of personal protective

equipment and hygiene facilities, organizing training, media

campaigns, emergency medical insurance coverage, life insurance

coverage, regular health check-ups, preventive immunization, and

medical care.

o Soft Loans linkages - Loans are to be provided to the Safai

Karamcharis for and their dependents, through National Safai

Karmacharis Finance & Development Corporation (NSKFDC), to

enable them to take up alternative income generating activities, which

will help in their socio-economic upliftment.

o Helpline number - A dedicated helpline number to be provided for the

Safai Mitras to register their complaints and to receive real-time

solutions.

o Prevention of substance abuse - To tackle the issue of Substance

Abuse (that often lead to indebtedness) among the frontline

sanitation workers, the UT administration and the local bodies may

implement programme in collaboration with the Nasha Mukt Bharat

Abhiyaan (NMBA). Local body/District Level Nasha Mukt Committees

may be set up to take lead in the implementation of the Abhiyaan in

their respective local body/districts.

iii Decentralized Solid Waste Management & Disposal

Ladakh has a tough and undulating terrain. Since the availability of land for

solid waste management is less, the effort, cost and infrastructure required

to transport waste generated from households to a common / centralised

facility will reduce efficiency of the system. Decentralized mode of waste

management has also been suggested for hilly regions like Ladakh by the

SWM Rules 2016¹¹. Three tier system mentioned below will be followed for

putting a resource-efficient waste management system in place.

Three tier system:

For Ladakh, the following three tiers decentralized, and cascading

management system is being conceived:

(a) Source level Systems –Initially there would be separate collection

system for the dry and wet wastes. With higher efficiency at source

segregation, home and community composting of biodegradable

waste will be promoted clubbing it with a urban agriculture

movement. Mini organic waste composters may be installed in

market areas and other densely populated neighbourhoods to

promote localized community composting. D2D collection of non-

biodegradable and domestic hazardous waste would have fixed

weekly schedule for each of the municipal wards.

(b) Cluster / Community Level Systems – Material Recovery Facilities,

at ULB level, be established to manage segregated biodegradable

discards collected from clusters of households / institutions /

commercial establishments and public places. Also, this facility will

act as a collection cum storage centre segregated for non-

biodegradable discards. This facility is also meant for receiving

processed compost and / or compost rejects from those who do

source level composting. Additionally, there would be a wet waste

composting facility to process any additional wet waste, horticulture

waste that is not treated at the household/community level.

Provision of incinerators would also be kept for processing of

domestic hazardous waste. In a Material Recovery Facility non-

compostable solid waste can be temporarily by the local body or

any other entity mentioned in Rule 2 to facilitate segregation,

sorting and recovery of recyclables from various components of

waste.

Recovery Centres (RRRCs) may be established as Common

Facility. The functions of RRRCs are as follows:

• Receive segregated non-bio-degradable discards from bulk

waste generators and rural/peri-urban areas which cannot be

handled at ULB level MRFs.

• Receive segregated bio-degradable discards from the bulk

waste generators and rural/peri-urban areas which cannot be

handled at ULB level compost plants

• Receive segregated domestic and other hazardous discards

from the bulk waste generators and rural/peri-urban areas

• Receive segregated domestic and other C&D discards from the

bulk waste generators and urban/rural/peri-urban areas

• Common Facility will not receive any type of waste from public

directly.

11 Sec. 20(f) Solid Waste Management Rules 2016- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change – Govt. of India

Notification 8th April 2016

iv Sector-wise Targeted Intervention

Collection, transportation, processing requirements of waste varies with

sector. Hence, sector wise planning and intervention is suggested for

efficient waste management in the UT. The sources of waste will be

divided into the following sector, and solid waste from each sector will be

collected and managed separately.

• Household sector

• Gated communities/Government Quarters/Army camps/Residential

Campuses of Educational Institutions or other institutions

• Markets and commercial establishments

• Public Places / Roads / Picnic spot / Tourist spots

• Restaurants and Hotels

• Street vendors / hawkers

• Places of worship

v Ban on Single-use Plastic

The PWM Rule 2016, emphasized the ban of manufacturing and selling of

<50 microns thickness plastic carry bags, and the UT, Ladakh is already in

process of banning the use of plastic carry bags. Additionally, PWM rules

have ensured that open burning of waste, plastic littering in public, and

dumping near and into drains and rivers should be strictly prohibited.

Compostable carry bags are being promoted. The plastic waste will be

utilized in making roads, embankments and as a fuel in the cement

industries. UT, Ladakh is committed to phase out use of single-use plastic

by 2022. As per the Rule (1) of Plastic Waste Management (Amendment)

Rules, 2016, “carry bag made of virgin or recycled plastic, shall not be less

than seventy microns with effect from 30^th September,2021 and one

hundred and twenty (120) microns in thickness with effect from 31^st

December 2022.

vi Incentives / Disincentives

Incentives will be provided to those individuals, households & institutions

that adopt Zero Waste systems and methods to reduce waste at source.

The incentives will be in the form of:

• Subsidies / waiver in property tax / users fee for households to

establish composting systems / kitchen gardening

• Subsidies / waiver in property tax / users fee for gated communities

/ flats to establish composting systems / MRFs / kitchen gardening

• Viability Gap Fund for participating scrap dealers which will be

availed from the Government

• Social security for waste pickers / waste traders

• Viability Gap Fund for alternate products / services

• Awards / public recognition for Green practices in each sector

vii Private Sector Participation

UT will invite private sector to make investments and take up certain

responsibilities of service delivery, while the local governments retain the

principal responsibility for these services. PPP mechanisms aim at

financing, designing, implementing, and operating facilities and services

through service provisions for feasible projects.

viii Appropriate Technology

The infrastructure should be compatible to waste volume and character,

modular, robust, compatible and adaptive. Temperature plays a primary

role in anaerobic digestion, since it shapes microbial ecosystems, and

consequently regulates the stability performance of anaerobic digestion

process. Microorganisms that thrive in extreme temperatures can be

explored for Ladakh region if there is no option for operating in

temperature controlled room.

SWM is more complex and challenging in dry highlands than in plain areas

due to the remoteness, topographical configuration, and vulnerability to

natural hazards and disasters. Based on the geographical, climatic

conditions and volume and characteristics of waste it is found that thermal

(burning) processing of waste may not be feasible in Ladakh. Conventional

processes like composting, vermicomposting, and anaerobic digestion to

treat biodegradable wastes are often found to be inefficient due to the

regions' extreme cold conditions. Hi-tech anaerobic digestion is suggested

as technologies to manage biodegradable discards.

ix Promotion of Sustainable Public Procurement

Green supply chain management (GSCM) has become a multidisciplinary

concept by constructing environmental management practices in the

context of various supply chains including waste management services.

Environmental issues have become an important integration into the

supply chain management, so that each step from organization’s materials

management and transportation functions to the end customer can be

structured to include environmental awareness. Adoption of sustainable

public procurement policy for products and plastic packaging material

made of recycled plastics, and alternatives to identified single use plastics,

as per applicable standards should also be mentioned, as this is an

actionable point covered in Comprehensive Action Plan submitted to

MoEFCC. In a place like Ladakh, sustainable public procurement (SPP)

will drive improved performance and would facilitate the achievement of

cost-effective and responsible procurement, thereby generating greater

business value. Collectively, this will boost regional socio-economic growth

which will be in harmony with the environment and ecological systems.

Potential benefits of undertaking SPP are enlisted as under:

• reduction of quantum of waste in the municipal SWM system

• mitigating the harmful effects of pollution and waste generation

• reducing the impact of toxic substances on the environment and

society improving long-term economic performance

• enabling more responsible utilization of natural resources

• promoting technological and process-based innovation

• providing strong signals to the sustainable products market and

national/global investments

• advertising

UT’s

commitment

towards

contributing

the

global/national targets for sustainability and carbon neutrality

x Focus on Tourism & Hospitality Industry

Ladakh aspires to move from sustainable eco-tourism to regenerative

tourism. Growing tourist footfall in eco-sensitive Ladakh poses a significant

environmental challenge as it substantially increases solid wastes in the

region. Under the new SWM Rules, 2016, the hospitality industry, all

hotels, and restaurants are required to segregate biodegradable waste and

set up their own system of waste collection to ensure that food waste is

utilised for composting / bio-methanation. The rules also mandate that all

resident welfare and market associations and gated communities with an

area of above 5,000 square metre will have to segregate waste at source

into material like plastic, tin, glass, paper and others and hand over

recyclable material either to authorised waste-pickers and recyclers or to

the urban local body. Realizing the importance of Bulk Waste Generators

in management of solid waste, the Government of India has revamped the

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 and

notified the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 on April 8, 2016. The

Rules mandate for effective solid waste management by bulk waste

generators also. Further, they lay emphasis on the duties and

responsibilities of waste generators including bulk waste generators with

timeframe for implementation and monitoring by the Government/ ULB.

These provisions would be enforced under the policy and with issuance of

public notification from time-to-time. The local bodies will charge tourists at

entry points to sustain SWM service at tourist destinations. The tourists will

also be given strict direction not to dispose off any kind of waste (water

bottles, liquor bottles, tetra packs, soft drink cans, and any other form of

plastic or paper waste) on the streets or downhill, and instead deposit

waste in litter bins placed by the local bodies. Introduction of 'green cess'

and 'payments for environmental services,' including charging from tourists

for the service provided and entrance fees may also be considered. The

Local Bodies, together with the police, must supervise the tourism

departments and different associated sectors to genuinely implement

these critical agendas in IHR for the environment, tourism, and sustainable

development. ‘Pay-as-you-throw’ (PAYT) scheme, follows the polluter to

pay principle, may be implemented that would charge the tourists caught,

littering, on the spots.

xi Convergence and Financing

Financing sanitation improvements in Ladakh have been largely funded

through central government funding. Though higher levels of government

continue to provide a significant portion of funds for the required capital

investments, funding the operation and maintenance of sanitation

infrastructure mostly falls under the purview of the ULBs and GPs. All

funds from various central schemes and UT schemes / programs /

missions and CSR contributions may be pooled to form a state sanitation

fund. The aggregation of investment anticipated under the ULB / GP City

Sanitation Plans would indicate financing requirements for implementing

total sanitation in the UT. Under the overarching governing principle of

cluster-based approach, a well-coordinated convergence of available

funding under SBM 2.0 (Urban and Grameen), RURBAN would help

achieving optimum return on the investments. A taskforce to enforce

surveillance and interception of waste in the garbage vulnerable tourist

destinations and popular camping sites and shall be formed with Deputy

Commissioner’s Office and Ladakh Pollution Control Committee, Ladakh

Police Department, Tourism Department, Rural Development Department

and Housing & Urban Development Department. The environment fees

being collected by the LAHDC shall also be utilized for creation of

infrastructure and services for surveillance, solid and liquid waste

management so that tourists have pleasant experience. Costing urban

sanitation improvements will include the life-cycle costs of any

infrastructure or system and due consideration of sharing of financial

responsibility among the stakeholders, including the citizens, will be

worked out. A detailed strategy for individual materials and action points is

given in Point – 10 in Annexure.

Chapter 4: Process & facilities for Waste Management

With the rise of need for waste management in Ladakh, specific coherence of

technology and processes is crucial. A holistic overview of the proposed system is

presented in the following infographic.

Proposed process flow

a) Biodegradable discards

Segregation of waste at source provides choices for safe handling and /or

recovery of waste. The biodegradable waste will be managed at source,

household and community level, using aerobic composting or anaerobic

digestion. The resulting compost will be further used for urban gardening /

kitchen gardening. The composting reject or excess compost or semi-

Figure 4 The conceptual process flow for integrated solid waste management in Ladakh with hybrid system of

centralized and decentralized options

processed slurry from anaerobic digesters will be brought to cluster level

aerobic composting units for further processing.

For people those who cannot afford to have source level management

systems can handover the biodegradable discards directly to the

ULB/cluster level aerobic composting facilities. The service providers and /

or Safai Karmacharis who pick up such segregated biodegradable

discards from households, commercial establishments, markets, public

places, or institutions may send them as animal feed for poultry / piggery

farms or may send them for trenching in plantations. The compost

generated at the cluster facilities will be made available to the farms after

value addition and standardization of quality. The compost rejects/slow

decaying material/inert wastes will be sent to the SLF. The proposed

infrastructure for biodegradable is recommended in Point no. 7 (a) for

Annexure for each sector.

b) Non-Biodegradable discards

Non-biodegradable discards will be managed only offsite at ULB or Cluster

level facilities. Households, commercial establishments, and institutions

will have choices to sell valuable non-biodegradable discards to scrap

traders or donate it to waste pickers. Besides D2D collection by the local

bodies, citizens may also drop segregated low value non-biodegradable

discards at the nearest MRFs. Households, commercial establishments,

and institutions will engage authorized service providers / Safai

Karmacharis / waste pickers / waste traders to haul their non-

biodegradable discards on payment basis. Authorized service providers /

Safai Karmacharis / waste pickers / waste traders may skim the valuable

discards and will drop the low value discards to the MRFs. Scrap dealers

in the region will also utilize the MRFs or RRCs to hand over residuals for

final disposal in landfill.

For

managing

non-biodegradable

discards

there

are

processing

technologies available. However, these may not be techno-economically

viable. Hence minimum sorting, cleaning, and storing of non-

biodegradable discards are recommended. Proposed infrastructures for

management of Biodegradable discards are given in Point no. 7 (b) of

Annexure.

c) Domestic Hazardous and Bio-medical Waste

Glass, sharp metals, syringes, blades, batteries, medicines, paints, and

other household level chemicals forms the hazardous waste. Waste

containing body fluids, such as used diapers, condoms, cottons soaked

with blood, sputum etc, form bio-medical waste. The above-mentioned

categories of domestic hazardous wastes need to be stored safely till it is

being disposed off through any authorized service providers, in line with

Hazardous

and

other

wastes

(Management

and

Transboundary

Movement) Rules, 2016. A closed space with a minimum of 300 sq. ft floor

area is required for this. As per the provisions laid under Hazardous Waste

Management Rules 2016, the Local Authority with the support of the

Ladakh Pollution Control Committee, Government of Ladakh will set up

appropriate mechanism and action plan for collection, transportation and

processing of these categories of wastes. Bio-medical Waste should be

managed and treated as per Bio-medical Waste Management Rules,

Chapter 5: Implementation Roadmap

5.1

Legal & Regulatory Framework

Local Body Bye-Laws

Under the overarching principles and strategies outlined in this policy; the

Local Self Governments (ULBs & GPs) will frame Solid Waste

Management Bye-Laws for effective and time-bound management of solid

waste in the region. H&UDD and R&PRD will facilitate to develop template

Bye-Laws that can be adapted by the Local Authorities with modifications

to suit their local demand.

The Bye-Laws will incorporate necessary provisions from Solid Waste

Management Rules 2016, Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016,

Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016, E-Waste

Management Rules 2016, Hazardous Waste Management Rules 2016.

The Bye-laws would also address the relevant guidelines of CPHEEO,

CPCB and PCC and bring in regulations and bans on specific materials,

products, or processes, as well as incorporate incentives and disincentives

for effective implementation of solid waste management rules and shall be

facilitated by gazette notification of bye-laws once adopted by local bodies.

ii Notifications & Orders

Subsequent to the bye-laws, the district administration and / or the local

authorities would issue specific notifications/orders:

• to curb and prohibit use of single-use plastic and thermocol

• to curb and prohibit open littering

• to ban burning of waste in open and public places

• to make in-situ waste management compulsory for the bulk

generators

• to regulate in-situ waste management in the market areas,

slaughterhouses, community places, religious places

• to regulate waste management during the tourist seasons

Some of these notifications have already been issued.

5.2

Institutional Framework

Institutional Framework at the UT level

The proposed linear chain of command for implementation of towards a

Zero-waste

system

will

have

the

below

mentioned

institutional

arrangement

for

accountability,

decision

making,

guidance,

implementation, and monitoring:

• State Level Advisory Body

A Committee chaired by the Secretary, H&UDD, as envisaged in SWM

Rule 2016, has already been formed with members for periodical

evaluation and running the state level campaign for Zero Waste

approach to Solid Waste Management. The committee shall comprise

of the following members:

From the Administration of UT of Ladakh

• Administrative

Secretary

Housing

Urban

Development

Department

• Administrative Secretary Rural Development Department

• Member Secretary, Ladakh Pollution Control Committee

• Director H&UDD Ladakh

• Director Horticulture/Agriculture Ladakh

• Representative of Revenue Department

• Representative of Labour Department

• Three representatives from Local Bodies to be nominated by the

Housing & Urban Development Department by rotation in each

meeting of the Body (By rotation from the list of ward members of

both districts arranged alphabetically)

• Executive Officer, Municipal Committee, Leh & Kargil

From the Government of India:

• Representative from Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change, Government of India

• Representative from Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,

Government of India

• Representative from Ministry of Rural Development, Government

of India

Experts/Non-official members:

• Representative from National Institute of Technology, Srinagar

• Sh. Stanzin Chonjor (Dawa), (Representative from LEDeG)

ii Institutional Framework for the Urban Areas

• Secretary (UD&HD) will assume the responsibility of implementation of

State Policy on SWM and monitoring of the same in all Urban Local

Bodies. Secretary may delegate coordination, implementation, and

monitoring of the state policy to any of his team members in the rank of

Mission Director / Under Secretary / Deputy Secretary.

• Ladakh Pollution Control Committee will have the responsibility of

monitoring the compliances and effectiveness in the entire waste

management cycle, and enforcement regulations as per Rule 16 (a) of

SWM Rules 2016 through local bodies in their respective jurisdictions,

while reviewing implementation of the rules at least twice a year in

coordination

with

concerned

Directorate

Municipal

Administration or Secretary-in-charge of Urban Development in the UT.

PCC will also be responsible for seeking periodic report and necessary

coordination with the CPHEEO/CPCB for guidelines and necessary

advisories.

• Divisional Commissioner will assume the responsibility to periodically

review the progress of SWM implementation in the UT.

• Director of Urban Local Bodies will assume the responsibility to

periodically review the plans and progress of SWM implementation in

the Municipal Committee/urban areas and for providing guidance and

instructions for necessary corrective actions.

• District Magistrate will assume the responsibility to periodically review

the plans and progress of SWM implementation in the respective

districts and for providing guidance and instructions for necessary

corrective actions. S/he will also be responsible for allocation of

suitable lands for setting up of SWM infrastructures.

• Local Authority Level Monitoring Committee - A Committee chaired

by head of Urban Local Body assisted by Municipal Executive Officer.

The committee will have all elected representatives, representatives

from clusters / ward level committees, invited experts and NGO

representatives.

Indicative Members: (a) Elected representatives (b) Representatives

from Ward/Cluster level committees (c) Representatives from

Educational institutions (preferably teaching staff) (d) Representatives

from youth clubs (e) Experts working on Public Health, Sanitation and

Waste Management (f) Environmental activists & Educational activists

(g)

NGO

Civil

Society

Organisation

representatives

(h)

Representatives from Business community (Shopkeepers, Hoteliers,

Traders, Workshop owners etc.) (i) Representatives from house

owners and residents.

• Municipal Executive Officer will be responsible for the effective solid

waste management programmes and process at the Urban Local Body

level. Municipal Executive Officer may take technical support and

guidance from Technical Support Group and /or City Level Monitoring

team. Municipal Executive Officer may engage NGOs, student

community, and other people to launch campaigns to set the

background for the comprehensive SWM programme for the City.

• Sanitation Inspector will have the responsibility of SWM of a ward or

a division. S/he will not be limited to monitor the health & sanitation of

the market and residential areas but will also be responsible for the

general upkeep & safety of the natural environment of the ULB. S/he

will be empowered to integrate, monitor, and regulate activities that

would detriment the natural environment of the ULB.

• Sanitation Supervisors will be carrying out his responsibilities

regarding the upkeep & safety of the natural environment of the ULB.

• Safai Karmacharis (Sanitation Workers) need to be trained in

segregation and collection of waste, basics of composting, organic

urban gardening, data collection for vector index etc. Besides the

cleaning up job, they need to be elevated as local trainers for people

who are working in housekeeping sector of major commercial

establishments. This will ensure uniform standard operating procedure

in segregation, collection, and transportation of materials.

iii Institutional Framework for the Rural Areas

• Secretary (R&PRD) will assume the responsibility of implementation of

State Policy on SWM and monitoring of the same in the rural areas.

Secretary may delegate coordination, implementation, and monitoring

of the state policy to any of his team members in the rank of Mission

Director / Under Secretary / Deputy Secretary.

• Divisional Commissioner will assume the responsibility to periodically

review the progress of SWM implementation in the UT.

• Ladakh Pollution Control Committee will have the responsibility of

monitoring the compliances and effectiveness in the entire waste

management cycle. PCC will also be responsible for seeking periodic

report and necessary coordination with the CPHEEO/CPCB for

guidelines and necessary advisories for both urban and rural areas.

• Director of Rural Development Department will assume the

responsibility to periodically review the plans and progress of SWM

implementation in the rural areas and for providing guidance and

instructions for necessary corrective actions, and submit periodic

reports as required to the nodal agency.

• District Magistrate will assume the responsibility to periodically review

the plans and progress of SWM implementation in the respective

districts and for providing guidance and instructions for necessary

corrective actions. S/he will also be responsible for allocation of

suitable lands for setting up of SWM infrastructures.

• Local Authority Level Monitoring Committee - A Committee chaired

by head of Gram Panchayat assisted by Rural Development Officer.

The committee will have all elected representatives, representatives

from clusters / ward level committees, invited experts and NGO

representatives.

Indicative Members:

(a) Elected representatives (b) Representatives from Ward/Cluster

level committees (c) Representatives from Educational institutions

(preferably teaching staff) (d) Representatives from youth clubs (e)

Experts working on Public Health, Sanitation and Waste Management

(f) Environmental activists & Educational activists (g) NGO & Civil

Society

Organisation

representatives

(h)

Representatives from

Business community (Shopkeepers, Hoteliers, Traders, Workshop

owners etc.) (i) Representatives from house owners and residents.

• Assistant Commissioner (Development) will be responsible for the

effective solid waste management programmes and process at the

Gram Panchayat level. ACD may take technical support and guidance

from Technical Support Group and /or GP Level Monitoring team. ACD

may engage NGOs, student community, and other people to launch

campaigns to set the background for the comprehensive SWM

programme for the GP.

• Panchayat Secretary will be responsible for the effective solid waste

management programmes and process at the GP level. PS may take

technical support and guidance from Technical Support Group and /or

GP Level Monitoring team. PS Officer may engage NGOs, student

community, and other people to launch campaigns to set the

background for the comprehensive SWM programme for the GP.

• Sanitation Inspector will have the responsibility of SWM of a ward or

a division. S/he will not be limited to monitor the health & sanitation of

the market and residential areas but will also be responsible for the

general upkeep & safety of the natural environment of the GP. S/he will

be empowered to integrate, monitor, and regulate activities that would

detriment the natural environment of the GP.

• Sanitation Supervisors will be carrying out their responsibilities

regarding the upkeep & safety of the natural environment of the GP.

• Safai Karmacharis (Sanitation Workers) need to be trained in

segregation and collection of waste, basics of composting, organic

urban gardening, data collection for vector index etc. Besides the

cleaning up job, they need to be elevated as local trainers for people

who are working in housekeeping sector of major commercial

establishments. This will ensure uniform standard operating procedure

in segregation, collection, and transportation of materials.

5.3

Training & Capacity Building

The approach to capacity building in SWM should be not only about

technology and economics but also about strengthening the administration

systems for waste management and related activities (multidisciplinary and

cross-sectoral). Addressing the need for human resource development and

skill development to achieve better results in SWM. Focus on building sound

institutions and good governance for attaining improved SWM. Delineating

strategies for sustenance of achievements.

A comprehensive orientation, training and exposure visit plan for all level of

functionaries to be rolled out at both the local level and the UT level.

Specialized agency may be engaged to plan and manage the capacity

building activities.

5.4

IEC/BCC

“Cleanliness cannot be achieved through Budget allocation. Behavioural

change is the solution. It should become a mass movement,” PM Narendra

Modi had said in a speech in 2016.

The goal of Zero Waste Ladakh can be achieved only when the public

internalize the zero waste principles and bring in qualitative change in

behaviour. This requires an in-depth understanding of the local culture,

norms, demography, and the level of interest of people’s participation.

However, while planning the course of action, the projects must intuitively

bridge the gap between the planning of behaviour change communication

(BCC) interventions and how they are actually implemented. For a BCC

approach to be effective, they also need to be carefully designed and creative

to keep the participants engaged.

A comprehensive IEC / BCC programme would be designed in consultation

with the local administration and other stakeholders and would be rolled out

across the UT. Specialized agency may be engaged to design innovative,

multi-modal communication campaign and its implementation.

5.5

Activating Stakeholders’ Participation

The government would sincerely approach and engage with all the

stakeholders for a collective and collaborative actions to make Ladakh one of

the cleanest destinations.

• Government Offices - Government Offices, especially public offices

should be the places of demonstration for model practices of solid

waste handling. Source segregation with colour coded bins,

composting, resource recovery, green protocol, complete ban of plastic

bottles, etc. should be practiced in the Government offices and other

institutions. The administration of UT Ladakh has already banned use

of plastic water bottles in UT Ladakh vide order no.: 40-LA(GAD) of

2020 dated: 23.06.2022.

• Citizens - Series of enabling campaign for public would be planned,

and it should continue till 2025. The campaign should address specific

local issues, behavioural issues of people, best practices etc. Health

impact of plastics, including impacts of burning of waste and their

impact on the environment shall be shared in public to build a public

opinion to reduce the use of plastics. Initiation of proper and scientific

education on menstruation with the support of Department of Health

will empower young girls of reproductive age and women in choosing

right solution for menstruation. The Local Authorities with the support of

UT Administration will initiate napkin vending machines which will

dispense plastic and toxic free disposable napkins and / or reusable

cloth napkins. Subsidies and financial support shall be provided to

enterprising people who are interested in taking up businesses of

alternate eco-friendly products and services.

• Private Institutions and Unions – Ladakh’s economy thrives on

united fronts and inputs from private institutions such as All Ladakh

Hotel and Guest House Association (ALHGHA), trade unions, bikers’

union, monasteries, etc. The combined waste generation in these

areas make them a significant contributor. The Government through

stakeholder consultations shall include discussions for

waste

management process. This shall involve community waste collection

and management, peer-to-peer monitoring, waste management

campaigning, awareness creation, and community charges and

cooperation. Community representatives shall be responsible for the

engagement and monitoring of residents and other stakeholders.

• Tourists - Ladakh is ecologically sensitive area, and it receives a large

number of tourists from across the globe. The hospitality, commerce,

and tourism industry, which form a direct beneficiary of the tourism

industry, also is a sensitive industry when it comes to rules and

regulations. The Government through the Department of Tourism,

Local administration and with the support of hoteliers’ association, tour

operators, bike agencies, etc. will launch a campaign to advertise the

salient features about new approach towards safe handling of solid

waste. The relevance of such approach for conservation of natural

resources and responsible tourism will be pitched in the messages to

create awareness among tourists well before their arrival in Ladakh.

Technical support of Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management

Department, Eco Tourism and NGOs shall be sought to package the

messages. A package of practices for responsible tourism shall be

developed along with standard practices for material use, recovery,

and safe disposal in the tourism / eco-sensitive places.

• Students / Youths - Campaigns, projects and activities shall be

designed for involving students and youth in the UT to invoke sense of

ownership and to sustain the campaigns. Local Authorities shall create

opportunities for academic exercises on waste, material use, behaviour

change communication, social work, rural planning etc, where the

students

and

youth

can

participate.

The

Human

Resource

Development Department shall initiate process to integrate green

clubs, climate volunteers, scouts and engaging with existing student

initiatives such as scouts / guides, National Cadet Corps, etc. in the

educational institutions to create an environment for the campaign on

waste management.

• Scrap Dealers / Waste Pickers from the informal market contribute in

a significant way to link non-biodegradable from households to

recyclers. Recognising authentic and reliable agents / scrap dealers

would incorporate them into the system and their network / links could

be used for effective resource.

5.6

Monitoring Arrangements

Regular monitoring of performance of the local bodies in the realm of

urban sanitation would be integral for achieving and sustaining the

improvements. Along with mandated monitoring systems as per the

SBM and SBM (U), a UT level performance monitoring system and IT-

enabled dashboard will be set up in coherence with the Swachh

Survekshan and Garbage Free City parameters. These parameters,

along with sanitation ratings and urban sanitation index for Ladakh will

be extended to cover all the local bodies in the state. The Urban

Sanitation Index would be put in the public domain for citizens who can

become aware about the performance of their city and help in social

auditing.

E-governance module for grievance redressal system would be

developed and launched for citizens to lodge their sanitation–related

complaints. Both, internet based as well as telephone-based

applications for lodging complaints would be developed to reach the

furthest consumers in the UT. Statutory Reporting Arrangements

(Table-5), and status of policy, plan, regulation & monitoring (Table-6)

are showcased in Point no. 8 in Annexure.

Chapter 6: Way Forward

6.1

Time-bound plan of Action

The UT Administration of Ladakh is taking up following time-bound actions to

achieve sanitation goals.

Table 3 Time bound action plan

Sl. #

Key Activities & Milestones

*Time

limit

w.e.f.

May

1^st, 2022

Finalization of all related policies, bye-laws at the UT and Local Level

02 months

Setting up of all the Committees/Taskforces at the UT and Local Level

02 months

Identification and procurement of suitable sites, including obtaining

necessary environmental clearances, for setting up solid waste

processing facility and sanitary landfill facilities

03 months

Engagement of a UT level agencies for IEC/BCC and Capacity Building

03 months

Engagement of Consultants for preparing DPRs

03 months

Enforcing waste generators to practice segregation of bio-degradable,

recyclable, combustible, sanitary waste domestic hazardous and inert

solid wastes at source

03 months

Completion of procurement of bins, C&T vehicles, PPE kits as may be

estimated in the DPRs

05 months

Completion of commissioning of all SWM processing plants, MRFs and

SLF

01 year

Ensuring 100% door-to-door collection of segregated waste and its

transportation in covered vehicles to processing or disposal facilities.

01 year

Ensuring 100% separate storage, collection and transportation of

construction and demolition wastes

01 years

Ensuring 100% separate storage, collection, and transportation of bio-

medical wastes in collaboration with the Health Department and PCC

01 years

Completion of Bioremediation or capping of old and abandoned dump

sites

3 years

Table 4 Status of implementation, viz-a-viz, Target in MSWM Rule 2016

No.

Activity

Time limit from

the

date

notification of

rules

Status

Identification of suitable sites for setting up solid waste

processing facilities

1 year

Done

Identification of suitable sites for setting up common

regional sanitary landfill facilities for suitable clusters of

local authorities under 0.5 million population and for setting

up common regional sanitary landfill facilities or standalone

sanitary landfill facilities by all local authorities having a

population of 0.5 million or more

1 year

Yet to be achieved

Procurement of suitable sites for setting up solid waste

processing facility and sanitary landfill facilities

1 year

Achieved for Kargil,

In progress in Leh

Enforcing waste generators to practice segregation of bio-

degradable,

recyclable,

combustible,

sanitary

waste

domestic hazardous and inert solid wastes at source

2 year

Segregation

source complied for

dry & wet waste

Ensure door-to-door collection of segregated waste and its

transportation in covered vehicles to processing or disposal

facilities

2 year

D2D

Collection

complied,

transportation

separate

vehicles

complied,

transportation

covered

vehicles

yet to be achieved

Ensure separate storage, collection and transportation of

construction and demolition wastes

2 year

Not applicable

Setting up solid waste processing facilities by all local

bodies having 100000 or more population

2 year

Not applicable

Setting up solid waste processing facilities by local bodies

and census towns below 100000 population

3 years

Achieved in MC-

Leh,

MC-Kargil

under process

Setting up common or standalone sanitary landfills by or

for all local bodies having 0.5 million or more population for

the disposal of only such residual wastes from the

processing facilities as well as untreatable inert wastes as

permitted under the Rules

3 years

Not applicable

Setting up common or regional sanitary landfills by all local

bodies and census towns under 0.5 million population for

the disposal of permitted waste under the rules

3 years

Not applicable

Bioremediation or capping of old and abandoned dump

sites

5 years

Capping

progress

MC-

Leh, tendering for

engaging

agency

yet to be initiated

Annexures

The salient features of the SWM Rules, 2016 are as under:

1. Areas Covered: These rules are applicable to:

i. Every local body (Urban and Rural),

ii. outgrowths in urban agglomerations,

iii. census towns as declared by the Registrar General and Census

Commissioner of India,

iv. notified areas,

v. notified industrial townships,

vi. areas under the control of Indian Railways,

vii. airports/ airbases,

viii. Ports and harbours,

ix. defence establishments,

x. special economic zones,

xi. State and Central government organisations,

xii. places of pilgrims,

xiii. religious and historical importance as may be notified by respective

State government from time to time, and,

xiv.every domestic, institutional, commercial and any other non-

residential solid waste generator situated in the areas.

2. The Waste Generators

• Every household

• Event organizers

• Street Vendors

• RWAs & Market Associations

• Gated Community having more than area 5000 sq. m.

• Hotels & restaurants,

• Defence establishments, etc.

3. a. Duties of Waste generators:

Every Waste Generators will segregate waste and store separately

and hand over to Municipal workers or authorized waste pickers.

ii.

The duties shall also include any duties as mentioned in SWM

Rules, 2016, unless otherwise mandated by UT-Administration, or

Central Government.

b. Duties of Authorities:

Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change will constitute

‘Central Monitoring Committee’ to monitor and review every year.

ii.

MoHUA will frame National Policy on SWM and coordinate with

States/UTs, provide technical guidelines, financial support, training

to local bodies, etc.

iii.

Departments of Fertilizers & Chemicals will assist in market

development for city compost and make available to companies

(3/4 bags compost: 6/7 bags Fertilizers).

iv.

Ministry of Agriculture will make flexible Fertilizer Control Order,

promote utilization of compost, testing facility for compost and issue

guidelines.

Ministry of Power will fix tariff of power generation from W-T-E

project and ensure distribution through companies.

vi.

MNRE will facilitate infrastructure for waste-to-Energy plants and

provide subsidy.

vii.

Secretary-

In-charge,

(sate/UT)

will

prepare

State

Policy/Strategy, adopt 3- Rs, coordinate for state planning,

identification of common/regional landfills, notify guidelines of buffer

zones.

viii.

District Collector/Magistrate will facilitate identification of landfill site,

quarterly review the performance of local bodies. (x) Secretary,

Panchayats: same as Secy. UD at Panchayat level.

ix.

CPCB will coordinate with SPCBs/PCCs for monitoring and Annual

Reports, formulation of standards, review new technologies,

prepare guidelines for buffer zones restricting from residential,

commercial and construction activities areas, and inter-state

movement of waste.

Local Authority/Panchayats will prepare SWM plan with timeline

and its implementation, segregate, adopt 3-Rs, material recovery,

processing/ disposal of Waste, user fee and levy spot fine.

xi.

SPCBs/PCCs will monitor, issue authorization, and regulate.

xii.

Manufacturers/Brand owners will facilitate collect back wastes of

their products and provide pouch for packaging sanitary wastes,

etc.

xiii.

Industry (cement, power plant, etc.) will use RDF within 100 km.

xiv.

Operator of facilities will follow guidelines/standards

xv.

The duties shall also include any duties as mentioned in SWM

Rules, 2016, unless otherwise mandated by UT-Administration, or

Central Government.

4. Criteria for Hilly Region:

Avoid landfill, make waste transfer stations, strict action for littering and

construct landfill at plain areas. Further provisions shall be subject to

provisions of the SWM Rules, 2016.

5. Waste to Energy plant:

For waste with 3500-4000 Kcal/kg and above for co-incineration in cement

and power plants. Non-recyclable waste having calorific value of 1500

Kcal/Kg or more shall not be disposed off on landfills and shall only be

utilised for generating energy either through refuse derived fuel or by

shredding and reuse in roadworks.

6. Resource Recovery:

(i) Waste Pickers

Active waste pickers in the region will be organized and integrated to the

formal system, to expand the potential of resource recovery through

forward linkages to recycling network.

(ii) Scrap dealers / traders

Local waste traders will be integrated to facilitate aggregation of non-

biodegradable discards, sorting, cleaning, and diversion to recycling. The

Government will initiate a process to standardize the existing practices of

scrap dealers to ensure occupational safety, pollution control and social

security.

(iii) Swap Shops

Swap Shops are facilities which facilitate exchange of reusable goods like,

garments, household equipment / utensils, books, furniture, etc. Swap

shops adds value to reusables by minor repair or refurbishing activities.

This mechanism will reduce the consumption of newer products to an

extent and will inculcate a culture for caring and sharing of materials in the

community. Swap shops are taking place in different parts of the country

as a solution for safe recovery of resources and resource conservation.

(iv) Material Recovery Facilities

MRF¹² means a facility where non-compostable solid waste can be

temporarily stored by the local body or any other entity or any person or

agency authorised by any of them to facilitate segregation, sorting, and

recovery of recyclables from various components of waste by Government

authorities or Self-governing local bodies. Informal sector of waste pickers,

informal recyclers or any other work force engaged by the local body or

entity for the purpose before the waste is delivered or taken up for its

processing or disposal to Material Recovery Facilities will attract only low

value discards since the valuables are skimmed by informal sector at the

source. MRFs are the local aggregation centres for low value non-

biodegradable discards like plastics, mixed paper, glass bottles etc. It will

also act as temporary storage space for household level hazardous waste

and E-Waste. E-Waste should be primarily stored and disposed off as per

E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 and hazardous waste as per

Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2016.

(v) Resource Recovery Centres

RRCs are larger common facilities at Local Authority level to integrate

MRFs to add value to low value discards through sorting, cleaning, pre-

processing and aggregation. RRCs will hold household hazardous waste

and E-waste and will facilitate its disposal through authorized service

providers.

(vi) Construction and Demolition Waste sites

Rapid urbanization results in increased demand for building materials as

well as increases the construction and demolition waste. These inert waste

materials will be collected and stored, processed for further use as daily

cover for existing sanitary landfills and raw material for non-structural

construction as per the provisions laid in the Schedule II of Construction

and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016. Local Authorities¹³ will be

responsible for segregated collection, transportation and recycling of

construction and demolition materials. A construction and demolition plant

shall also be set up for the same. Site identification shall be identified by

respective Development Departments, along with local bodies per their

jurisdiction with concurrence from Ladakh Pollution Control Committee.

7 (a) Infrastructure for Management of Biodegradable Discards

(i)

Source Level management

Simple and easy to use aerobic composters made of plastic, metal or

earthen wares will be used for composting at household level or

institutional level, where the quantity of waste is less than 5 kg / day.

These devices will be operated with or without specially formulated

effective micro-organisms.

• For households having waste more than 5 kg / day, anaerobic

digestion coupled with composting for slurry management is

suggested

• For institutions having waste from 10 kg – 50 kg per day will opt for

Aerobic Composting Bins

12 Sec. 3(31) Solid Waste Management Rules 2016- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change – Govt. of India

Notification 8th April 2016

13 Sec.6, Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change –

Government of India. 26 March 2016

• For institutions that do not have outdoor space will opt for

mechanized composting devices. The minimum waste requirement

is 20 kg and can go up to 250 kg

• Institutions generating more than 500 kg biodegradable discard

which are dominated by cooked food / meat / fish waste will opt for

hi-tech biogas plant

(ii)

Cluster Level management

At cluster level, Organic Aerobic Waste Composters (OAWC) may

be used to handle up to 1000 kg quantity of waste per day. At places

where it is affordable, mechanized composting devices will be used. Hi-

tech biogas plants are recommended for clusters where biodegradable

discards are dominated by cooked food / meat and fish waste. Mobile

aerobic composting units will be made available to use it in temporary

venues like expos. The Local Authorities with the support of district

administration will procure appropriate land/space available to set up

cluster level aerobic composting facilities. Cluster level composting

areas shall be identified for areas where home composting is not

feasible.

(iii)

Common facility

At the Regional / Municipal level Aerobic Composting Plant will be

used to handle the waste. Existing common facilities for composting will

be revived and modified for capacity augmentation or repaired for

efficient functioning. Options for waste to energy, biogas plant,

composting facility to be explored looking at the technological and

economic feasibility.

(iv)

Odour Control Management

Comprehensive odour prohibitive system would be devised with

installation of ventilation ducts, exhaust fans, spraying of enzyme

catalytic solution on processing facility that can be applied to the

surface of the compost windrow or sprayed in the airspace above it,

development of 5mt green belt all around the site is provided to prevent

any odour, dust, and anaesthetic visuals. Turning the windrows is very

important for redistributing the moisture, providing aeration, and

maintaining even temperatures. The optimum frequency of turning

depends on how thoroughly materials are mixed initially, the C:N ratio,

any existing anaerobic conditions, and porosity of the windrows.

Appropriate sizing the windrows uniformly facilitates oxygen diffusion

and natural air convection.

7 (b) Infrastructure for Management of Non-Biodegradable Discards

(i)

Cluster Level Management

At cluster level Material Recovery Facility may be set up strategically.

An MRF should have a minimum of 200 sq. ft. floor area to store non-

biodegradable discards. Mobile MRFs will be set up for Local

Authorities who cannot afford to find space for cluster level MRFs.

MRFs can be larger colour coded bins which are manned by the Local

Authority and is placed in places near markets, commercial streets etc.

The Local Authorities should make it mandatory to establish at every

commercial establishment, a bin for taking back plastic packaging

materials and containers. These bins at the premises of the commercial

establishments can act as mini MRFs for plastic waste and will be

integrated with the waste pick up network of the Local Authority for final

disposal. The Plastic Waste Management Rules provide for EPR for

manufacturers, brand owners and distributors of products that are

packed in plastics. The Local Authority will make the brand owners of

leading noodles manufacturers, milk product manufacturers, breweries

etc. responsible for setting up cluster level MRFs or for supporting

collection and transportation of single use low-value plastic waste. The

LSGs will conduct brand audit of plastic waste in the region to ascertain

the share of brands and manufacturers to fix the responsibility.

(ii)

Common Facility

At the Regional / municipal level, Resource Recovery Centres would be

set up which has facilities to clean, sort, shred, disassemble, and bale

non-biodegradable discards. RRC should have a minimum of 1000 sq.

ft. floor area.

7(c)

Proposed infrastructures for other category of wastes:

a) Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Plant

Open yard or semi-open yard with a minimum of 5000 sq. ft. is needed

to be provided for stocking construction demolition waste for further

process to make it available for construction purpose. Based on the

feasibility assessment, the UT Administration of Ladakh will set up a

regional C&D plant at strategic locations. This plant will also serve

citizens and private sector. Suitable order for proper handling and

transportation of the C&D waste to be issued by the respective

authorities.

Suitable

formal

arrangement

with

Border

Roads

Organization, NHIDCL would be worked out for reuse of the crushed

materials from the regional facility.

b) Sanitary / Engineered Landfill (SLF)

A method of disposing of refuse on land without creating nuisance or

hazard to public health or safety, or without affecting the air, water, and

soil quality by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the

refuse to the smallest practical area, to reduce it to the smallest

practical volume and to cover it with a layer of earth at least at the

conclusion of each day operation or at such more frequent interval as

may be necessary. In Ladakh, sanitary land filling will be restricted to

non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable

either for recycling or for biological processing. Land filling will also be

carried out for residues of waste processing facilities as well as pre-

processing rejects from waste processing facilities. The strategic

regional SLF sites would be identified based on the criteria prescribed

by the CPHEEO/CPCB and should be vetted by the Ladakh Pollution

Control Committee. Landfill sites shall be set up as per the guidelines

of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India and

Central Pollution Control Board. Criteria for Landfill site selection shall

be as per Solid Waste Management Rules,2016. The landfill site shall

be large enough to last for at least 20-25 years.

i. Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground

water quality in the area shall be collected and kept in record for

future reference.

ii. Landfill gas control system including gas collection system shall

be installed at landfill site to minimize odour pollution.

iii. Inert waste to be sent to sanitary landfill site

c) Bio-mining/bioremediation for Closure and Rehabilitation of Old

Dumps

As per the Rule 15, duties and responsibilities of local authorities and

village Panchayats of census towns and urban agglomerations; the

local authorities and Panchayats will investigate and analyse all old

open dumpsites and existing operational dumpsites for their potential of

bio-mining and bioremediation and wheresoever feasible, take

necessary actions to bio-mine or bio-remediate the sites.

Dump sites which have reached their full capacity or those which will

not receive additional waste after setting up of new and properly

designed sanitary landfills would be closed and rehabilitated by

examining the following options:

a. reduction of waste by bio-mining and waste processing followed by

placement of residues in new landfills or

b. capping with geomembrane to enable collection and flaring /

utilisation of greenhouse gases.

In absence of the potential of bio-mining and bioremediation of dumpsite, it

will be scientifically capped as per landfill capping norms to prevent further

damage to the environment.

Table 5 Statutory Reporting Arrangements

Sl. #

Action Points

Reporting Agency

Authority

Frequency

Quarterly Progress Report

Advisor / Chief Secretary

Hon’ble NGT (with a copy to

CPCB)

Quarterly

Six monthly review report

State Level Advisory Body

Ladakh

Pollution

Control

Committee

At least Every

Six Months

Form-III

Concessioner/Plant Operators

Respective Local Bodies

Annually

[see rule 19 (6), 24 (1)] Format of

annual report to be submitted by

the operator of facility to the local

body

30^th

Day

April,

every

year

Form-IV

Local Bodies

Ladakh

Pollution

Control

Committee and Secretary-in-

charge, H&UDD

Annually

[see rules 15 (za), 24 (2)] Format

for annual report on solid waste

management to be submitted by

the local body

Before 30^th Day

of June, every

year

Form-V

Ladakh

Pollution

Control

Committee

Central

Pollution

Control

Board, MoHUA

Annually

[See rules 17 (2)] Format for

annual report on plastic waste

management to be submitted by

the local body

By 31^st day of

July, each year

Review Report

District Level Task Force

State Level Advisory Body

To be decided

by the UT

Table 6 Status of Policy, Plan, Regulation & Monitoring

Sl. #

Action Points

UT Departments

(including PCC)

District

MC-Leh

MC-Kargil

Notification of UT Level Policy and SWM

Strategy

Setting up of UT Environment Monitoring Cell

Setting up of District Environment Monitoring

Cell

A four-member special taskforce for every

district for creating awareness of SWM Rules,

2016

UT Level Advisory Body for SWM

Preparation & notification of Bye-laws

UT Level Advisory Committee for taking up

measures to eliminate single use plastic

UT Level Special Taskforce for taking up

measures to eliminate single use plastic

District Level Taskforce for taking up measures

to eliminate single use plastic

Solid Waste Management Action Plan for Rural

Ladakh

Solid Waste Management Microplanning

•

MSW Processing GAP analysis

and action plan

•

Legacy

waste

dumpsites

remediation action plan

Preparation of SWM DPR

Notification for prevention of littering in public

places

Notification for banning of single use plastic

and plastic bottles

Notification for banning of burning of waste

Notification for management and handling of

C&D Waste

Green Hotel Guidelines

Constitution of Flying Squads

Setting up of digital surveillance

Promotion of Green Public Procurement

Annual District Environment Plan

IEC/BCC Planning for GFC

8. Regulations pertaining to city sanitation and waste management

Table 7 Regulations pertaining to city sanitation and waste management

Sl.#

Policy

Authority

Description

Batteries (Management

and Handling) Rules,

2001

MoEF&CC

These rules apply to every manufacturer,

importer, re-conditioner, assembler, dealer,

recycler, auctioneer, consumer, and bulk

consumer

involved

manufacture,

processing, sale, purchase and use of

batteries or components

National

Urban

Sanitation Policy, 2006

Ministry of Housing

and

Urban

Affairs

(MoHUA)

Broadly covers aspects of urban sanitation,

with a specific focus to eliminate open

defecation in cities. Focus on re-orienting

institutions for developing city-wide approach

to sanitation, covering all its aspects including

Solid Waste Management

CPHEEO

Guidelines,

2013

Central Public Health

and

Environmental

Engineering

Organization

(CPHEEO)

Several guidelines have been published with

technical details and management rules for

storm water drainage, waste management,

sewerage etc.

Prohibition

Employment as Manual

Scavengers and their

Rehabilitation Act, 2013

Ministry

Social

Justice

and

Empowerment

To provide for the prohibition of employment

manual

scavengers,

rehabilitation

manual scavengers and their families

Swachh Bharat Urban

Guidelines, 2014

MoHUA

The Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (SBM-U),

launched on 2nd October 2014 aims at making

urban India free from open defecation and

achieving 100% scientific management of

municipal solid waste in 4,041 statutory towns

in the country.

Solid

Waste

Management

Rules,

2016

CPCB

These rules are applicable to every Municipal

Authority for collection, segregation, storage,

transportation, processing, and disposal of

municipal solid waste.

Hazardous and other

wastes

(Management

and

Transboundary

Movement) Rules, 2016

Central

Pollution

Control Board (CPCB)

Notified to ensure safe handling, generation,

processing,

treatment,

package,

storage,

transportation, use reprocessing, collection,

conversion, and offering for sale, destruction,

and disposal of hazardous Waste.

Construction

and

Demolition

Waste

Management

Rules,

2016

CPCB

In line with the Solid Waste Management

Rules, 2016, the CPCB has issued the

Construction

and

Demolition

Waste

management rules to be followed by each

State Pollution Control Board to ensure proper

management and disposal

Plastic

Waste

Management

and

Handling Rules, 2016

CPCB

The

CPCB

has

issued

guidelines

for

management of Plastic waste by producers,

processors, and recyclers.

10.

Bio-medical

Waste

Management

Rules,

2016

Ministry

Environment, Forest,

and Climate Change

The policy is formulated to improve the

collection, segregation, processing, treatment,

and disposal of these bio-medical wastes in an

9. Targets and Indicative Timelines:

Table 8 Target and indicative timelines - Leh

Sr.

Project Name

Status

Cost

Cr.

Sept

'22

Oct

'22

Nov

'22

Dec

'22

Jan

'23

Feb

'23

Mar

'23

Apr

'23

May

'23

Jun

'23

Jul

'23

Aug

'23

Sept

'23

Oct'

Implementation of

ICT

based

Monitoring

Mechanism

for

Collection,

Transportation

and

Processing

Disposal

Waste. This would

result

route

optimization, fuel

efficiency of the

vehicles

and

prevention of any

pilferages.

Feasibility

study

and

Tender

Preparation

under

process

Fleet

modernization for

efficient

primary

and

secondary

collection

Planning and

feasibility

study under

progress

TBD

Upgradation

designed capacity

and

mechanization of

existing

Processing Plant

GAP

Analysis

Progress

with

scope

for

Solar

Energy

Intervention

Sl.#

Policy

Authority

Description

environmentally sound management

11.

E-waste (Management)

Rules, 2016

CPCB

These rules formulated, apply to every

manufacturer,

producer,

consumer,

bulk

consumer, collection centres, dealers, e-

retailer, refurbisher, dismantler and recycler

involved

manufacture,

sale,

transfer,

purchase, collection, storage and processing

e-waste

electrical

and

electronic

equipment

12.

National

Policy

Faecal

Sludge

and

Septage

Management

(FSSM), 2017

MoHUA

The policy entails guidelines on design for

sewerage and sludge management solutions.

13. 13

Swachh Bharat Urban

Guidelines 2.0, 2020

MoHUA

The Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (SBM-U),

launched in October’21 aims at making urban

India free from open defecation and achieving

100% scientific management of municipal solid

waste in ___ statutory towns in the country.

14.

Other Relevant Rules

and

Task

Force

Reports

•

Inter-ministerial

Task

Force

Integrated

Plant

and

Nutrient

Management using City Compost,

2005

•

Fertilizer Control Order (FCO), 2009;

PROM,

2013

Ministry

Agriculture

Report of the Task Force on Waste to Energy,

Planning Commission, 2014

Construction and

Demolition Waste

Processing Unit

Site

finalization

and

stakeholders'

consultation

in progress.

Technical

pre-

feasibility for

solar energy

integration

possibilities

ongoing.

Twin Bin Systems

for

waste

collection to be

implemented

public,

commercial

and

tourist places to

avoid

open

littering.

Requirement

Assessment

progress

with location

finalization

0.5

Outsourcing

Primary

and

secondary waste

collection

including

street

sweeping

Planning and

feasibility

under

progress

TBD

Bio-methanation

Plant

with

Designed

Capacity

TPD to process

Wet/

Organic

waste

and

produce

green

energy

from

Biogas

and

digested slurry to

used

organic manure

Suitable

technology

options

are

under review

ensure

functionality

in extremely

cold climate.

Technical

pre-

feasibility for

solar energy

integration

possibilities

ongoing.

Construction of a

MSW

transfer

station with MRF

facility

Site

finalization

and

stakeholder

consultation

in progress.

Technical

pre-

feasibility for

solar energy

integration

possibilities

ongoing.

Biomining

100000

Legacy waste at

Bombguard

Construction

started

11.5

Transportation of

inert waste after

biomining

and

bioremediation

Negotiation

ongoing with

the

existing

vendor doing

biomining

TBD

Sr. #

Project Name

Status

Cost in Cr.

Jul-22

Aug-22

Sep-22

Oct-22

Nov-22

Dec-22

Jan-23

Feb-23

Mar-23

Bioremediatio

n and landfill

capping

for

approximately

30000 MT of

Legacy Waste

Site

survey

and planning

in progress for

winter-friendly

and universal

access

with

provision

for

solar energy

Compost

Plant

with

designed

capacity of 10

TPD

process

organic waste

and Dry waste

processing

unit

with

designed

capacity of 05

TPD

Setting up of

plant ongoing

Implementatio

ICT

based

Monitoring

Mechanism

for Collection,

Transportatio

and

Processing

Disposal

Waste.

This

would result in

route

optimization,

fuel efficiency

of the vehicles

and

prevention of

any

pilferages.

Feasibility

study

and

Tender

Preparation

under process

1.5

Twin

Bin

system

for

waste

collection

implemented

Public,

commercial

and

tourist

places

avoid

open

littering

Requirement

Assessment

progress

with

location

finalization

TBD

Collection

segregation

and recycling

center

for

construction

and

demolition

waste

Site

finalization

and

stakeholder

consultation in

progress.

Technical pre-

feasibility

for

solar

energy

integration

possibilities

ongoing.

TBD

Transfer

Station

and

MRF

facility

with designed

capacity of 5

TPD

integrated

with

bailing

facility

along

with a vehicle

for

transportation

to Kargil

Planning and

Feasibility

study

Progress

TBD

Sanitary

Landfill

for

Kargil

Site identified.

EIA

done

for

obtaining

consent

establish

TBD

Table of Contents

Executive summary .................................................................................................................................................. 43

1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 43

1.1 The Union Territory of Ladakh ...................................................................................................... 43

1.2 Urban Ladakh and emerging trends.............................................................................................. 44

1.5 Key issues identified ........................................................................................................................ 47

2. Plastic waste needs special attention .................................................................................................................... 48

2.1 Definition of Plastic ....................................................................................................................... 48

2.2 What is Single-Use Plastic? ........................................................................................................... 48

2.3 Types of Plastics ............................................................................................................................ 49

2.4 Harmful Effects of Plastic Waste ................................................................................................... 50

3. Plastic Waste Management Initiatives ................................................................................................................. 51

3.1 National Level Initiatives ............................................................................................................... 51

3.2 UT Level Initiatives ........................................................................................................................ 52

4. Plastic Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan ......................................................................................... 53

4.1 Governance ................................................................................................................................... 54

4.2 Practice .......................................................................................................................................... 62

4.3 Awareness generation .................................................................................................................. 68

5. Plan of Action* .................................................................................................................................................... 70

Annexure-I ............................................................................................................................................................... 72

Annexure-II .............................................................................................................................................................. 74

Annexure-III ............................................................................................................................................................ 76

Annexure-IV ............................................................................................................................................................ 81

Annexure-V ............................................................................................................................................................. 82

Annexure-VI ............................................................................................................................................................ 84

Annexure-VII ........................................................................................................................................................... 85

Annexure-VIII ......................................................................................................................................................... 86

Annexure-IX ............................................................................................................................................................ 88

2.13

Executive summary

Ladakh is a tourism hotspot due to its untouched nature and serene landscapes. However,

with the rapidly growing rate of urbanization and rise in tourism numbers, there has been a

significant increase in waste generation. The urban centres and towns are yet to have a

comprehensive waste management system in pace comprised of seamless collection,

segregation, disposal, recycling, or processing infrastructure. However, the administration is

aware of the fact that the continuance of the same shall be devastating and hence a

comprehensive approach has been envisaged.

Currently, the UT administration has taken up initiatives like banning Single Use plastic at

ULB level, preparation of Municipal Solid Waste Management Byelaws, 2022 for the ULBs,

setting up Material Recovery Facility (MRF) in the cities, organizing enforcement drives and

awareness campaigns and more.

Plastic waste has unique issues and triggering environmental hazards associated to it.

Therefore, the UT administration has taken a conscious decision to have a dedicated Plastic

Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan to spearhead a fight to mitigate the challenges.

The Action Plan lays out strategies for governance, practice and awareness creation which

includes legal and enforcement strategies, infrastructure requirements for source-segregation,

transportation, disposal and recycling strategies and hazard management.

The Scope of this Strategy and Action Plan is primarily limited to the Urban Areas, however,

the interventions may further be extended to entire UT.

2.14

1. Introduction

1.1 The Union Territory of Ladakh

Ladakh became a Union Territory on 31^st October 2019. Surrounded by significant

mountain ranges of Himalayas and Karakoram, Ladakh has been a strategic location at

the crossroads of important trade routes. Currently, UT-Ladakh is known for its

significant tourism potential and strategic military location. With a total area of 59,146

sq. km., ranging between 2,550 m (8370 ft) and 7,742 (25,400 ft.), the region houses

Figure 5 The Union Territory of Ladakh

around 275,000 people with a density of 4.6 people per sq.km. The UT has two districts

– Leh and Kargil, with Leh as the capital city of the UT. The population of Leh as per

2011 Census is 30,870 with a growth rate of 59.47%, while that of Kargil is 16,338 with

a growth rate of 53.31%

1.2 Urban Ladakh and emerging trends

1.2.1

Urban Local Bodies of Ladakh

The two towns of Ladakh, i.e., Leh and Kargil both have their own Municipal

Committees, while Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) has shared

responsibilities for the development of the two cities. Leh and Kargil both comprised of

13 municipal wards each. Each Municipal Committee is responsible for Waste

Management in the respective towns.

Table 9 Wards in MC Leh and MC Kargil

Constituents of Urban Ladakh

Sr. No.

Leh Municipal Committee

Kargil Municipal Committee

Gonpa Gangles

Chanchik

Sankar Yourtung

Chanchikk

Changspa Karzoo

Thakskhan Grong Lankore

Tukcha

Drethang Balti Bazaar

Shenam

Dass Pisho

Skara

Goma Kargil – I

Skalzangling

Goma Kargil – II

Murtsey

Poyen

Housing Colony B

Poyen Bagh-i-Khumini

Housing Colony A

Baroo-I

Maneytselding

Baroo-II

Skampari

Baroo-III

Zangsti Skynos

Baroo-IV

Table 10 Summary Data for MC Leh and Kargil

Sr. No.

Description

MC Leh

MC Kargil

Total Area (in sq km)

9.15

8.93

Total Population (as per 2011

Census)

30870

16338

Total no. of Households (as per

2011 Census)

7360

2446

Total Wards

1.2.2

Smart city and other urban development interventions

Ladakh is adopting various urban measures in-line with Central schemes to boost the

development of the Union Territory. The cities are mobilizing projects to develop the city on

the lines of Smart Cities in India. The project aims at developing the city in a more

sustainable manner by identifying measures for integration with an Integrated Control and

Command Centre, and converging the various projects and ideas with centrally sponsored

schemes like AMRUT 2.0, SBM 2.0, PM-Svanidhi, etc. The projects also dive into

identifying garbage and waste hotspots, reusing legacy waste sites and providing a

comprehensive cleanliness program, as well as cleaning of market spaces and reduction of

plastic waste.

The UT has already taken various measures for a better waste management under various

schemes like putting up the twin bin system in public spaces, procurement of machinery and

equipment, stakeholder consultations, etc. The measures have initiated various projects in the

two districts and primed to see further initiatives in the upcoming years.

1.2.3

Municipal waste Pollution and waste management scenario in Leh and Kargil

Table 11 Current Waste Management in MC Leh and Kargil

Sr. #

Description

MC Leh

MC Kargil

Total Urban

Population

30870

16338

47208

Number

Business

Establishment

(2021)

586

1500

2086

Total Number of Households

7360

2446

9806

Number of households covered by door-

to-door collection

100%

Current Generation

Quantity of Plastic Waste generated

during

the

year

from

area

under

jurisdiction (in tons)

1467.84

Tons

447.21

Tons

1915.05

Tons

Quantity of plastic waste collected during

the year from area under jurisdiction (in

tons)

1467.84

Tons

447.21

Tons

1915.05

Tons

Quantity of plastic waste channelized for

recycling during the year (in tons)

1174.27

Tons

245.96

Tons

1420.23

Tons

Quantity of plastic waste channelized for

use during the year (in tons)

293.57

Tons

293.57 Tons + NA

Existing Facilities

Municipal MSW Processing Plant

(Under

construction)

Number of Sanitary Landfill Sites (SLF)

(Under

construction)

1 (proposed)

Number of Material Recovery Facility

(MRF)

Local body’s own manpower deployed

for collection including street sweeping,

secondary

storage,

transportation,

processing and disposal of waste.

128

The waste management in urban areas of Ladakh is primarily undertaken in two ways:

iii.

The waste is collected and sent to landfills

iv.

The waste is sent to a Material Recovery Facility (MRF), what’s recyclable is sold to

recyclers, what’s not is sent to incinerators

The safai karamcharis who provide door-to-door collection service use thermocol boxes as

compartments and segregate household waste. Some bulk generators like hotels and guest

houses have their own on-site facility to recover plastic waste, as well as segregate wet and

dry waste. Currently, Leh and Kargil has 100% source segregation of waste. The primary

waste generators in UT Ladakh include both bulk waste generators and domestic waste generators.

The household waste is generally given without any segregation, thus becoming convoluted by the

plastic along with the dry and wet waste generated. This mixed waste is then sent to MRFs, then the

unrecyclable or non-salvageable material is sent to landfills or incinerators which further causes

harm. The bulk waste generators, as per Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, like hotels, hospitals,

nursing homes, clinics, commercial markets, schools, colleges, universities, other educational

institutions, government buildings, etc. may have average waste generation capacity of more than

100 kg per day. Since plastic currently lacks various economical and available alternatives, it stays in

circulation and causes further deterioration in the habitat, as well as in the nature. Limited

institutional, infrastructure and operational capacity are the biggest challenges in mitigating plastic

waste in the UT. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 mandates the management of Plastic Waste

and to be

1.2.4

Why plastic waste is a potential threat to Ladakh ecology?

A tourism hub due to its pristine nature, Ladakh has become a prime destination for tourists

both local and global. With the COVID restrictions easing and summers approaching, this

number is feared to go up substantially. The resident population of the towns and the

rural areas of the UT is 2,74,289 (as per 2011 census), however, the region witnesses a

significant rise in the floating population during the tourist season, i.e., April to October.

In 2019, a total of 2,79,937 tourists came to visit the UT. This significant population rise

also leads to a huge amount of plastic waste generation in the region. Earlier, these

wastes were taken to the dump sites, incinerated, or disposed of without following the

norms of scientific waste handling measures, thus creating environmental and health

hazards in the regions. There is significant generation of plastic waste by the bulk waste

generators such as hotels, schools, industries, etc. The Table-3 gives a glimpse to the

present status of waste management in Leh and Kargil. This has however given rise to a

plastic and waste generation problem. Furthermore, the growing inclination towards E-

commerce, that predominantly use plastic in the packing materials, has given fillip to the

plastic and waste generation problem. By 2017, a research by Future Earth shows that 30,000

plastic bottles are dumped every day in Leh itself. The plastic waste has generally been

dumped at the legacy waste sites, like Bombguard in Leh, or landfill sites in Kargil.

Furthermore, the waste generated near water bodies are not taken care of, especially the

surrounding areas of Leh and Kargil. This also gives rise to animals, both terrestrial and

aquatic, to consume said plastic waste, which is not just toxic, but lethal to them.

Figure 6 Heaps of plastic goods accumulated in landfill sites of Ladakh

(Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H96WZYI3WU4)

1.5 Key issues identified

A. Lack of awareness and apathy towards source segregation

B. Disposal of wastes has been happening primarily in MRF, incinerators, landfill sites,

or by select bulk generators themselves

C. Indiscriminate littering leads to pollution of water bodies, public spaces and other

areas creating aesthetic, social and environmental degradation

D. Plastic waste also causes choking of stormwater drains and outfalls causing

inundation during rainfall.

E. The use of plastic for carrying food and other consumable materials may cause long

term health hazards

F. Aquatic and terrestrial animals face lethal issues due to consumption of such wastes

G. The smaller municipalities have limited financial and enforcement capacity to

identify, monitor and penalize the violators.

2.15

2. Plastic waste needs special attention

2.1 Definition of Plastic

Plastics are a group of materials, either synthetic or naturally occurring, that may

be shaped when soft and then hardened to retain the given shape. Plastics are

polymers. A polymer is a substance made of many repeating units. Considering the

extent and importance of plastic in our society, a blanket ban would not be a viable

solution, especially without economical and readily available alternatives.

Therefore, a holistic approach led by the government in collaboration with the

private sector and different stakeholders is critical to integrate different stages of

waste management and optimize the potential value chain by adopting

appropriate Reduce-Reuse-Recycling strategies.

2.2 What is Single-Use Plastic?

Plastic produced and designed to be thrown away after being used only once is termed

single use plastic. This definition includes a wide array of products including products

like disposable straws to vinyl flex. As per the United Nation’s definition however, any

plastic that is made from polymers of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density

polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene

(PP) or expanded polystyrene (EPS) is single-use plastic. However, this wide definition

does not reflect ground reality, or the policy desires in the developing world. This calls for

country-based definition of single use plastics. As per the Standard Guidelines for Single-

Use Plastic issued by MOEFCC, and the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, plastic

carry bags (virgin or recycled) with thickness less than 50 microns and plastic sheet or

like, which is not an integral part of multi-layered packaging and cover made of plastic

sheet used for packaging, wrapping commodities, with thickness less than 50 microns are

banned.

As per the Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2021, India is committed to

mitigate the pollution caused by littered Single Use Plastics and have piloted a resolution

on addressing single-use plastic products pollution. Per the amendment notified (posted

on PIB on 13^th August 2021), the amendment highlights the guidelines for Extended

Producer Responsibility and Thickness of plastic carry bags increased from 50 to 75

microns from 30^th September 2021 and to 120 microns with effect from 31^st December

2022. The amendment states the ban on manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale,

and use of single use plastics, including polystyrene and expanded polystyrene

commodities, with effect from 1^st July 2022 including:

a. ear buds with plastic sticks, plastic sticks for balloons, plastic flags, candy

sticks, ice-cream sticks, polystyrene [Thermocol] for decoration;

b. plates, cups, glasses, cutlery such as forks, spoons, knives, straw, trays,

wrapping or packing films around sweet boxes, invitation cards, and

cigarette packets, plastic, or PVC banners less than 100 micron, stirrers.

This definition should also be expanded to include products made wholly or partly from

plastic and that are not conceived, designed or placed on the market to accomplish,

within its life span, multiple trips or rotations by being returned to the producer for refill,

or reused for the same purpose for which it was conceived. In developing countries like

India, many products are recycled for single-use (90% of ‘single use’ PET bottles) are

recycled. On the other hand, disposable cutlery that can neither be recycled nor reused

also falls in the category of single use plastic. Utility products like toothbrushes, even with

a longer lifetime are SUPs, as well as products with shorter lifespans.

In order to stop littering due to light weight plastic carry bags, with effect from 30th

September 2021, the thickness of plastic carry bags has been increased from fifty microns

to seventy-five microns and to one hundred and twenty microns with effect from the 31^st

December, 2022. This will also allow reuse of plastic carry due to increase in thickness.

2.3 Types of Plastics

The Society of the Plastic Industry, Inc. (SPI) introduced its resin identification

coding system in 1988 at the urging of recyclers around the country. The seven

types of plastic include:

Marking/Labelling ^{Types of Plastic}

Examples

Polyethylene

Terephthalate (PETE or

PET)

Soda bottles, bakery products, water bottles,

peanut butter jars and even in frozen foods

packaging

High-

Density

Polyethylene (HDPE)

plastic bottles, milk jugs, shampoo bottles, bleach

bottles, cutting boards, and piping

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Instrument panels and associated mouldings,

Interior Door Panels and Pockets, Sun Visors, Seat

Coverings, Mud Flaps, Underbody Coating, Auto

Harness Wiring,

Low-Density

Polyethylene (LDPE)

Manufacturing various containers, dispensing

bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic parts for

computer components, and various molded

laboratory equipment

Polypropylene (PP)

plastic furniture, low friction applications, such as

gears in machinery and vehicles, cleaning

products, bleaches and

first-aid products

Polystyrene or Styrofoam

(PS)

Refrigerators,

air

conditioners,

ovens,

microwaves, vacuum cleaners, blenders

Miscellaneous

plastics

(includes polycarbonate,

acrylic,

acrylonitrile,

butadiene,

styrene,

fiberglass, and nylon)

medical (for example, for dialysis housing and

spectacle lenses), electro-electronic (for example,

sockets, lamp covers, fuse-boxes, computer and

television housings), construction (for example,

stadium roofs, signs, skylights), optical storage

(CDs, DVD, HD-DVDs), cars (interior lighting and

headlamps, sunroofs, side windows, radiators,

grilles, bumpers), packaging (for example, large

water bottles)

Figure 7 Types of Plastics (as per recyclability)

Thermoplastics

(Recyclable)

•Polyethylene

•Thermoplastic Polyesters

•Polyvinyl Chloride

•Acrylics and Nylon

•Polystyrene

Thermosetting Plastics

(Non-Recyclable)

•Polyurethanes

•Fibre Reinforced Plastics

•Polyester Resins

•Vulcanized Rubber

•Bakelite

Plastics are usually classified by their chemical structure of the polymer’s backbone and side

chains. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as

condensation, polyaddition, and cross-linking:

• Thermoplastics: Thermoplastics are the plastics that do not undergo chemical

change in their composition, when heated and can be moulded into desired

shape such as PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP etc.

•

Thermosets - Thermoset or thermosetting plastics strengthen on

heating but cannot be re-moulded or recycled such as Sheet Moulding

Compounds (SMC), Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP), Bakelite etc. are the

examples of the same.

2.4 Harmful Effects of Plastic Waste

The properties of plastic renders it various morphological and economic advantages,

such as being versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture resistant, strong, and relatively

inexpensive. These attractive

qualities, however, lead to over-dependence on plastic goods. The durability of

plastic also renders them significantly slow to degrade. Only a very small amount

(less than 10%) is effectively recycled, and the rest is sent to landfills, or to

incinerators. Coupled with undeniable behavioural inclinations towards littering and

unthoughtful discarding, the plastic is now causing more harm to humans, animals,

and nature alike. The disposal of plastics is one of the least recognized problematic

areas of plastic’s ecological impact. Figure-4 showcases the ecological and health

hazards of plastic.

“The versatile properties of Plastic, however, comes with its own hazards,

both environmental and health. India needs its own definition and methods of disposal for

plastic, especially single-use plastic”

2.16

3. Plastic Waste Management Initiatives

3.1 National Level Initiatives

The Ministry of Forests, (now Ministry of Forests and Climate Change) Government of India

has notified Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2011, and their subsequent amendments and

supersessions 2016, 2018 ,2021 and Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022

by MoEFCC for effective management of Plastic Waste in the country. The salient features of

rules for management of plastic waste by the urban local bodies are as under:

a) Plastic waste, which can be recycled, shall be channelized to registered plastic

waste recycler and recycling of plastic shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS

14534:1998 titled as Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics, as amended from time to

time.

b) Local bodies shall encourage the use of plastic waste (preferably the plastic

waste which cannot be further recycled) for road construction as per Indian

Road Congress guidelines or energy recovery or waste to oil etc. The

standards and pollution control norms specified by prescribed authority for

Enviro

nment

Hazard

•

Lack of proper collection and

management

•

Throw away culture clogging drainages

•

Littering of land

•

Reduction of Rainwater percolation

•

Eaten by fishes and other aquatic

animals in water bodies

•

Animals choking on plastic carry bags

•

Deterioration of soil fertility due to

becoming part of manure

•

Burning plastic releases toxins in the

environment

•

Require large areas for disposal, and

further incineration and landfill

Health

Hazard

•

Use of harmful components during

manufacturing process like colorants,

pigments, plasticizers, antioxidants,

etc.

•

Leaching of colours in food and other

items carried in the same, causing

cancer, degeneration of brain tissues,

heart enlargement, etc.

•

Polythene carries –

o

Black polythene (Lead)

o

Red polythene (Chromium)

o

Blue polythene (Copper)

o

Green polythene (salt of

Barium)

Figure 8 Environmental and Health Hazards of Plastics

these technologies shall be complied with.

c) The manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of following

single-use plastic, including polystyrene and expanded polystyrene,

commodities shall be prohibited with effect from the 1st July 2022: -

• ear buds with plastic sticks, plastic sticks for balloons, plastic flags,

candy sticks, ice-cream sticks, polystyrene [Thermocol] for

decoration.

• plates, cups, glasses, cutlery such as forks, spoons, knives, straw,

trays, wrapping or packing films around sweet boxes, invitation

cards, and cigarette packets, plastic or PVC banners less than 100

micron, stirrers.

d) In order to stop littering due to light weight plastic carry bags, with effect

from 30th September 2021, the thickness of plastic carry bags has been

increased from fifty microns to seventy-five microns and to one hundred

and twenty microns with effect from the 31^st December 2022. This will

also allow reuse of plastic carry due to increase in thickness.

e) Thermoset plastic waste shall be processed and disposed of as per the

guidelines issued from time to time by the Central Pollution Control Board.

f) The inert from recycling or processing facilities of plastic waste shall be disposed

of in compliance with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 or as amended

from time to time

g) Responsibilities of Local bodies, waste generators, producers, importers, brand

owners, etc. have been clearly defined in Plastic Waste (Management and

Handling) Rules, 2011 and further amendments

3.2 UT Level Initiatives

Acknowledging the current situation in the region, the administration of UT Ladakh has come

up with various Plastic Waste Management initiatives:

1) In accordance with the Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2021, the

Housing and Urban Development Department is releasing a notification to prohibit the

manufacture, stocking, distribution, import, sale and use of single use plastic commodity

scheduled from 1^st March 2022, including polystyrene and expanded polystyrene

commodities, like earbuds with plastic sticks, plastic flags, plastic sticks for balloons, ice

cream sticks, candy sticks, polystyrene (thermocol) for decoration, cups, plates, cutlery

like spoons, forks, straw, knives, wrapping/packing films around sweet boxes, trays,

cigarette packets, and invitation cards, glasses, plastic or PVC banners less than 100

microns, and stirrers. The said Amendment also prohibits the use of plastic carry bags less

than 75 microns since 30^th September 2021, and less than 120 microns from 31^st

December 2021.

2) Ban on plastic bottles in government and different institutions have been undertaken in

the UT in June 2020 vide order no. 40-LA(GAD) of 2020 dated:23-06-2020.

3) Solid Waste Management Byelaws 2022 for the ULBs of Leh and Kargil are under process.

This also incorporates suitable provisions for plastic provisions apart from the ones

mentioned in Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Act, 2021

4) 100% Waste segregation at source in Leh and Kargil

5) In pursuance of Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rule, 2016 as amended from

time to time, and notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,

Government of India, a UT Level Advisory Committee has been sanctioned to oversee the

effective implementation of Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 (AA) in UT Ladakh

vide order no. 158-LA(GAD)of 2021 dt:13-09-2021.

6) Both the Municipal Committees have conducted Stakeholders’ consultations to ban single

use plastic. Notification to ban of Single Use plastic in the urban areas in Ladakh is in

process.

7) Municipal Committees are also working with various Bulk waste generators to contribute

under Extended Producer’s Responsibility

8) LPCC and Ladakh Police have initiated works to check entry of banned Single Use Plastic

entry

points

UT-Ladakh

Mina

Marg

and

Serchu

vide

no.:

LPCC/UTL/SUP/2022/118-127 dated 25.06.2022

2.17

4. Plastic Waste Management Strategy and Action Plan

To mitigate and manage the plastic waste and phasing out of the use of single-use plastic in

the Union Territory of Ladakh, three strategic pillars have been identified. The key thrust

areas for reduction of plastic wastes shall include 1) Minimize generation, 2) Efficient

segregation at source, collection and transportation, 3) Efficient Processing for optimizing

recycling and reuse, and 4) Scientific disposal

Figure 9 Pillars of Plastic Waste Management Action Plan

Generation

Transportation

Collection and Segregation

Recycling

Disposal

Governance

Awaren

ess

Practice

“The initiatives at the National Level and the UT Level shall focus on limiting the use of single use

plastic, sensitizing waste generators, and formulate capacity for a comprehensive waste reduction”

Responsibility for Plastic Packaging, 2022 on February 16, 2022. EPR is defined in the

document as ‘a policy principle to promote total life cycle environmental improvements

of product systems by extending the responsibilities of the manufacturer of the product

to various parts of the entire life cycle of the product, and especially the take-back,

recycling and final disposal of the product’. The guidelines, based on Plastic Waste

Management Rules, 2016 and further amendments, further extends the mandatory

responsibilities to brand owners and importers in Indian markets, other than the

manufacturers themselves. The guidelines also require the producers, processors, and

recyclers to register on an online registry.

The Rule 9(1) of Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 states that:

The producers, within a period of six months from the date of publication of these

rules, shall work out modalities for waste collection system based on Extended

Producers Responsibility and involving State Urban Development Departments,

either individually or collectively, through their own distribution channel or

through the local body concerned.

Primary responsibility for collection of used multi-layered plastic sachet or

pouches or packaging is of Producers, Importers and Brand Owners who introduce

the products in the market. They need to establish a system for collecting back the

plastic waste generated due to their products. This plan of collection to be

submitted to the State Pollution Control Boards while applying for Consent to

Establish or Operate or Renewal. The Brand Owners whose consent has been

renewed before the notification of these rules shall submit such plan within one

year from the date of notification of these rules and implement with two years

thereafter.

manufacture and use of non- recyclable multilayered plastic if any should be

phased out in Two years’ time.

The producer, within a period of three months from the date of final publication of

these rules in the Official Gazette shall apply to the Pollution Control Board or the

Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be, of the States or the Union

Territories administration concerned, for grant of registration.

No producer shall on and after the expiry of a period of Six Months from the date of

final publication of these rules in the Official Gazette manufacture or use any plastic

or multilayered packaging for packaging of commodities without registration from

the concerned State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committees.

Every producer shall maintain a record of details of the person engaged in supply of

plastic used as raw material to manufacture carry bags or plastic sheet or like or

cover made of plastic sheet or multilayered packaging.

Accordingly, three different strategies have been proposed. Plastic producers

mandatorily need to choose one or more under EPR or a combination considering

accessibility and ground realities in Ladakh:

Fee based system:

Producers/importers/brand-owners shall contribute to EPR corpus at the

central level. An escrow account managed by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)

where private and other stakeholders can become members to be created from

the fund. Contributions by each producer (on normative cost) shall be decided

based on amount of plastic generated, required efforts, and money spent by ULBs

to handle plastic generated in terms of plastic waste handling, collection,

segregation, treatment, and processing. The fund is provided to ULBs,

assemblers/recyclers and IEC Activities and may engage an UT Level Advisory

Board (which may include representatives of producers) has been constituted

under Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.

ii.

Producer Responsibility Organization model:

Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO) sets stage for producers to manage

plastic waste in their own project under EPR Compliance. Individual producers,

or collectively as a legally agreed consortium can form a PRO, to handle

collection, recycling and ensure that targets are met either by themselves or

engaging external waste management agencies. This also enhances circular

economy in the towns. A self-managed PRO allows for boosting efficiency in

cities where local bodies and UT lack the expertise, resources, or capacity to

design, implement and manage effective local plastic waste management

programs. They also take the responsibility for discharging producer’s national

and UT level obligations in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. These

PROs can use mechanisms to secure plastic credits upon recycling or recovery of

the collected plastic through accredited processor/exporter. The bulk generators

shall incorporate PRO model to support the ULBs in exchange for service fees or

plastic credits.

iii.

Plastic credit-based model:

In this model, the producer shall ensure than an equivalent amount of packaging

waste has been recovered and recycled to meet their obligation. Producers are

mandated to acquire evidence of recycling or recovery (in form of plastic credit)

from properly accredited processors (recyclers, WtE plant operators, cement co-

processors, plastic utilization in roads) or exporters. The plastic credits may be

exchanged for financial benefits / other terms as negotiated. The system is

designed to ensure that funding may be streamline and remove blockages in the

material recovery chain (like processing of low-value plastics). The bulk

generators shall decide targets to achieve plastic recycling and reduction with

the ULBs and PCC and provide detailed mechanism and monitoring system to

achieve the plastic credits. They shall also provide alternative sources of plastic,

both at their own, as well as community practice. Failure to reach benchmark

levels shall induce penalties, while achievements shall involve benefits.

Benchmark levels shall be decided by ULBs in collaboration with PCC. To create a

link between PRO model and the credit model, a tradable recycling credit scheme

may also be added.

Actionable Measures

4.1.1 Minimizing generation

To minimize generation, the following measures are to be taken up:

1. Promotion and subsidization of alternatives of Plastic Bags, like paper bags, starch

bags, cloth bags, or higher quality and recyclable plastic. Mahila starch bags and

khartak to be promoted in Ladakh.

2. Identification and notifying public spaces in the cities to be no-plastic zone. Mass

generation shall also be prohibited including but not limited to private parties,

banquets, restaurants, hotels, etc.

3. Banning manufacturing and use of Single-Use Plastics by identifying stockists,

retailers, and sellers of banned SUP items, and enforcing zero plastic inventory by

30^th June 2022.

4. Commercial licenses to be cancelled if found selling banned SUP items. Fresh

commercial items to be issued only on the condition that SUP items would not be

sold; evidence of provision of alternative methods need to be shown before licenses

may be issued.

5. Co-financing programs shall be created for reducing packaging waste prepared.

6. Phasing out within a period of two years shall be done for multi-layered plastic which

is non-recyclable or non-energy recoverable or with no alternate use of plastic

7. Preferential procurement or Buy-back programmes under Extended Producer

Responsibility, Green Protocol and Taxation Mechanism. This also increases market

demand for recycled plastic. Marketing and promotion of products made from starch-

based biopolymers and encourage establishing small-scale cottage industries for

alternative materials. Promote research & development for finding new and viable

alternatives through direct funding, awards and recognitions for innovations and

leveraging government programmes to attract more investment for innovation in

collaboration with other departments in the UT of Ladakh.

8. Promotion of innovative design solutions for substitution, enhancement in packaging

design, promote product designs that don’t require additional packaging and enables

easy recycling. Collaboration with national level institutions such as Indian Institute

of Packaging, etc. can help supplement the research for recyclable materials.

9. The plastic waste collection can be outsourced to private agencies and concession

programs can be given to them for segregated collection and operation of MRF for

optimizing reuse and recycling.

10. Plastic waste cess needs to be added in Property tax. Any exemptions on the same

may be given based on evident showcase of source-segregation and adherence to

4.1.2 Segregation and Collection

To optimize segregation and collection of plastic waste, the following measures are to be

taken up:

1. Separate colored bins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste will be

provided at household level. Provision for community bins would also be made in all

public places.

2. Community bins shall be installed if no door-to door collection is possible in certain

areas due to congested narrow lanes, or higher altitudes with non-feasibility due to

snow covered roads

3. Primary collection of waste, in appropriately designed vehicles, will be done by the

municipal conservancy workers themselves. Techno-economic feasibility and options

for contracting out the collection of wastes to a competent third-party private

organization/ NGO or involving the rag pickers and kabaris in the materials recovery

process would also be examined.

4. The ULBs are also contemplating suitable provisions for imposing User Fee and

penalty for implementing a scientific Municipal Waste (including plastic)

Management due to be notified.

5. No person shall organize an event or gathering of more than one hundred

persons at any unlicensed place without intimating the local bodies, at least three

working days in advance. Such person or the organizer of such event shall ensure

segregation of waste at source and handing over of segregated waste to the

designated waste collector or agency as specified by the local body. A service

charge for this is also under consideration.

6. The practice of recycling, as well as monitoring of EPR conditions by bulk generators

need to be addressed and identified, and financial credit modeling shall be formulated

to encourage participation by PROs and individual producers.

4.1.3 Storage and Transportation

To optimize storage and transportation, the following measures shall be taken up:

1. Suitable compartmentalized primary and secondary collection vehicles will be

procured, and front-line conservancy staffs are to be trained to build capacity for

better transportation of waste to the MRF.

2. Identification and provision of community bins and collection facilities shall be

provisioned at the neighbourhood level, markets, and public places.

4.1.4 Recycling

To optimize recycling of plastics, the following measures shall be taken up:

1. Categorizing and recycling plastics shall be in accordance with Solid Waste

Management Byelaws, 2016, Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011

and further amendments

2. Encouraging private organizations, start-ups, and civil service organizations to come

up with innovative and environment-friendly packaging and storing materials. This

may be financial encouragement, as well as providing a platform for their research to

gain traction with live projects.

3. Agencies conducting recycling works, as well as willing agencies to set up recycling

plants in the MCs need to be identified and engaged.

4. Press releases and Action-taken reports are to be made public annually through

websites and social media handles of the respective Municipal bodies and UT Ladakh.

MIS System may also be used.

5. Periodic meetings with Stakeholders and participatory social audit will be conducted

for checking progress, as well as monitoring key issues. These monitoring protocols,

along with others mentioned in this action plan shall be presented to Municipal

bodies.

6. Waste to Art drives and measures need to be conducted with students, youth, Civil

Service Organizations and ULBs to create installations and feature them in public

places, events, and festivals. Suitable prizes and remunerations can be given to best

ideas.

7. Building blocks, such as ecobricks, and similar technologies may be explored for

provisioning recycling of SUP and may be used as replacement of building blocks.

Cess exemption may be provided in property tax for the usage of the same.

8. As per Rule 5 (b) of Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 local bodies are

required to encourage the use of plastic waste (preferably the plastic waste

which cannot be further recycled) for road construction as per Indian Road

Congress guidelines IRC SP: 98-2013 titled as “Guidelines for the Use of Waste

Plastic in Hot Bituminous Mixes (dry process) in Wearing Courses”. CPCB in its

Consolidated Guidelines of Collection, Segregation and Disposal of Plastic Waste

2017, has also quoted utilization of plastic waste in road construction as one of

the technologies for disposal of plastic waste. In addition, the Ministry of Road

Transport and Highways through Circular No RW-NH-33044/24/2015-S&R(R)

dated November 09, 2015, has also decided to encourage the use of plastic waste

in hot mix bituminous wearing coat.

4.1.5 Disposal of Plastics

To optimize disposal of plastics, the` following measures shall be taken up:

1. Land filling facility shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and

other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing

and incineration. Land filling shall also be carried out for residues of waste

processing facilities as well as pre-processing rejects from waste processing

facilities. Land filling of mixed waste shall also be avoided unless the same is

found unsuitable for waste processing.

4.1.6 Formalizing Informal Sector

To integrate and formalize informal sector:

Rule 11(c) of the SWM Rules 2016 directs that each state/UT must prepare a

state/UT policy and solid waste management strategy that acknowledges the

primary role played by the informal sector of waste pickers, collectors, and

recycling industry in reducing waste and provide broad guidelines regarding

integration of these groups in the waste management system. As per Rule 6(4)

of the Plastic Waste management Rules 2016 local body to frame bye-laws

incorporating the provisions of these rules. In addition, there are various

policies, action plans and reports including the report of the Second National

Labour Commission of 2002 that has recognized the role played by the informal

sector in waste management and civic hygiene and they have all suggested that

governmental authorities will take steps to provide legal recognition, social

security, health and safety facilities and access to financial resources and

technologies. For Leh and Kargil, a database for the informal sector shall be

formulated, and uploaded with the Garbage Free city Initiative. The database

shall require formal receipts, issuing identification documents, provide KYC and

linkage with Aadhar Card, bank account (if possible), provision of bank accounts

and providing them relevant incentives directly to their accounts and bring them

in the more formal ideation.

a) Itinerant buyers (or Kabaddiwala)/Scrap Dealers who aggregate the waste

collected by the waste pickers and/or function as micro-entrepreneurs who buy

reusable and recyclable material such as newspaper, metal, glass, and plastics

from households, commercial establishments and other waste generators and

then re-sell them to large wholesalers who then either sell to larger aggregators

or sell to recyclers.

b) Informal recyclers who either clean, dismantle or further sort waste in more

specific categories or use rudimentary technology to transform the collected

waste into another product and/or raw material that could be used for

producing new products.

Plastic waste shall be sold to only authorized recyclers having valid license, which

shall be regulated by Pollution Control Committee of the UT-Ladakh.

4.1.7 Enforcement

The enforcement shall also entail different roles for different authorities:

• As per Rule 12 (1) of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, the UT Pollution

Control Committee shall be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of the

action plan. The role shall also include registration, manufacturing of plastic products

and multi-layered packaging, processing, and disposal of waste.

• The concerned Secretary-in-charge, or person with similar responsibilities with a

different title shall be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of this policy, as

well as Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 and further amendments, relating to

waste management by waste generator, use of plastic carry bags, plastic sheets or

covers made of such sheets, as well as multi-layered packaging.

• The concerned LSG (Municipal Committees, or Municipal Councils, or Municipal

Corporations in the future) shall be the authority for enforcement of the action points

specific to waste management and waste generators, use of plastic carry bags, plastic

sheets, covers, or likes

• Assistance shall be taken by the District Magistrate and Housing and Urban

Development Department and Urban Local Bodies for the enhance of the provisions

of these rules

• The producers, importers and brand owners shall work out modalities of waste

collection system based on Extended Producers Responsibility and involving

H&UDD and/or local body for any assistance required

• No person / agency / consortium etc. shall manufacture carry bags or recycled plastic

bags or multi-layered packaging unless they have been approved by the UT Pollution

Control Committee. Single Use Plastics shall be completely banned.

• Retailers or street vendors shall not provide commodities in plastic carry bags, multi-

layered packaging, or plastic sheets. The violators shall be fined as per the Schedule

of fines in Solid Waste Management Rules, 2022 for UT Ladakh, Plastic Waste

Management (Second Amendment) Rules, 2022, and Plastic Waste Management

Byelaws, 2022 for UT Ladakh.

• An integrated command center shall be established to monitor the status of different

urban development measures, which shall also include plastic waste management as

part of waste management monitoring

• Human resource, financial resource and qualifications shall be identified for various

departments involved to make sure proper resource mobilization is undertaken. If

need be, new hires – contract or otherwise shall be conducted for the UT and ULB

levels

• A multi-department convergence involving Housing and Urban Development

Department, Leh Development Authority, Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development

Council, Department of Tourism, Association of Hotels, Law and Order Department,

Task force may be formed

• Green volunteers from citizens, civil service organizations. Government may also

consider creating a separate cadre for the same.

The detailed roles can be referred to in the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling)

Rules, 2011 and their further amendments.

4.2 Practice

These solutions identify the need to incentivize changes or disincentivize status-quo. The

strategies are stimuli to make behavioural changes in waste generators (bulk, and otherwise)

to support waste prevention. The measures highlight collection measures for proper

generation, disposal, and transportation of waste to create the least nuisance option.

4.2.1 Minimizing Generation

To minimize generation:

1. Citizens shall be encouraged to carry their own bags, containers, or any other

alternative to plastic and/or carriers to reduce the use of plastic instead of single use

plastic carry bags, and other plastic products.

4.2.2 Optimizing Storage and Segregation

To optimize storage reclamation of plastic and segregate at source, the following measures

shall be taken up:

Upgradation of Transfer stations, secondary transport vehicles and control command

center shall be undertaken. Data management integration of plastic data shall be essential

For bulk producers, the producers themselves will be responsible for primary collection

of the plastic waste, and deposition of the same at a designated point of the site. All

hotels and restaurants owners shall ensure segregation of waste at source, facilitate

collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to either

the authorized waste pickers or the authorized recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall

be processed, treated, and disposed of through composting or bio-methanation within the

premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the collectors or agency

as directed by the local body.

Geo-tagging of waste collection vehicles shall be conducted for all the old and new

fleets. The monitoring mechanism shall also explore options for source segregation and

segregation otherwise.

Recyclable material can be collected at regular intervals as may be convenient to the

waste producer and the waste collector, as this waste does not normally decay and need

not be collected daily. Hazardous waste shall be collected and treated as per Hazardous

Waste and other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules,2016. Bio-

medical waste shall be collected, treated as per Bio-medical waste management

Rules,2016.

Procedure of collection: The Municipal Institutions are divided into wards and each of

the wards will be manned with adequate number of sanitary workers with adequate

required facilities wheelbarrows or similar vehicle will be provided to each of the

sanitary workers. Each of the sanitary workers will be made responsible for 300 and 500

houses (or as decided by the authority) depending on the workload. These workers will

go to the houses on pre- determined time to collect the waste.

4.2.3 Storage and Transportation

To optimize transportation and storage of waste, the following measures are suggested:

1. Waste collected through Primary Collection System shall be taken up to processing

sites, with necessary vehicles and manpower.

2. Bins shall be installed, as well as regular collection shall be specified for bulk

generators as well as critical areas like higher altitude habitations.

3. Cost effective systems shall be designed to ensure that waste shall be transported in a

hygienic and scientific way (explain) and shall not pose a serious threat to public

health and environment, i.e., the waste:

a. Shall be out of reach of stray animals

b. Will not obstruct the traffic or spread on road

c. Shall be easily accessible in terms of distance for the user

d. Shall be fully covered and not exposed

e. Shall be able to old the expected waste generated depending on the size and

population of the area

f. Shall be aesthetically acceptable

g. And shall be designated in a way to be easy to operate, handle, transfer and

transport the same

4. The transportation shall be done depending on the waste location and generation:

a. Daily at community bins.

b. Before they start overflowing, if required, twice or thrice a day.

c. Depending on the characteristic of waste, they will follow different

routes, as the disposable site may be different for the different type of

wastes.

5. Solid Waste collection sheds and collection depots need to be identified and

installed by MCs.

4.2.4 Recycling

To optimize recycling, Table-3 showcases a gist of what to recycle the different categories of

plastic to.

Table 12 Recycling options for different categories of Plastic (Classification of plastics as per CPCB)

Category of Plastics

Name

Properties

Recycled to:

PETE/PET

PET – Polyethylene Terephthalate

used for many bottles application

because they are inexpensive,

lightweight, and shatter-resistant

Pillow and sleeping bag

filings

and

Mineral/Drinking Water

Bottles, Cosmetic Bottles

HDPE

HDPE – High Density Polyethylene

used for in bottles, carry bags, milk

pouches, recycle bins, etc.

Tubes,

sewer

pipes,

pallets, boxes, buckets,

toys,

bottles

for

shampoos,

motor

oils,

drugs, etc.

PVC

PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride used for

pipes

and

fittings,

Tarpaulins,

Medical

Apps,

etc.

Sewer

Pipes,

Window

Frames,

Construction,

Flooring,

Wallpaper,

Bottles,

Car

Interiors,

Medical Products, planks,

etc.

LDPE/LLDPE

LDPE – Low Density Polyethylene

(LLDPE stands for Linear LDPE)

used in Plastic bags, various

containers, bottles, wash bottles,

tubing, etc.

LDPE - Garbage cans,

paneling

furniture,

flooring, and bubble wrap

LLDPE – Food packaging

films

PP – Polypropylene used in Auto

parts,

Industrial

Fibers,

Food

Containers, etc.

Pipes,

pallets,

boxes,

furniture, car parts, pots

yoghurt,

buckets,

butter, margarine, fibers,

milk crates, car battery

cases, trays etc.

PS/EPS

PS – Polystyrene (EPS stands for

Expanded Polystyrene) is used in

food service packaging, disposable

cups, tray pitchers, refrigerators,

liners, etc. It may also be used as

cushioning materials for fresh

produce, electronic or appliance

industries, etc.

Clothes

Hangers,

Park

Benches,

Flowerpots,

Toys, spoons, eyeglasses

frames, plastic cups, egg

trays,

packaging

and

building insulation etc.,

stationery

trays

and

accessories,

picture

frames, seed trays etc..

Others/

Miscellaneous

Others

(usually,

Mixed

Plastic

Waste, used in Thermoset Plastics,

Multilayer and laminates, Bakelite,

Polycarbonate, etc. like hub caps,

optical fibers, touch screens)

CDs,

Pallets,

Floors,

Roofs,

Furniture,

Sheeting, Benches, Shoe

soles, etc.

Not defined under classifications by CPCB

PUR

Polyurethane – used in Building

insulations,

pillows,

mattresses

and insulating foams for fridges

Recycling is done by the following processes:

a) Primary Recycling: Simple and low-cost practice, the process refers to reuse

of the products in their original structure. However, the number of cycles the

recycling can take place is limited for each material.

b) Secondary / Mechanical Recycling: Applicable only for thermoplastic

polymers, the plastic is re-melted and reprocessed into end products. This

doesn’t alter the polymer during the process. The process is undertaken by

cutting, shredding, or washing into granulates, flakes or pellets of appropriate

quality for manufacturing, and then melted to make the new product by

extrusion. Blending is also possible for enhancing the reprocessed material

with virgin material to obtain superior results. However, the product’s quality

is deteriorated on each cycle due to lower molecular weight of the recycled

resin, and the heterogeneity of solid waste remains the concern.

c) Feedstock or Chemical Recycling: Complementing the mechanical

recycling, this process converts polymers to monomers, or partially

depolymerized to oligomers through chemical reaction. The resulted

monomers can be used for new polymerizations to reproduce original or

related polymeric product, and converts the plastic material into smaller

molecules, suitable to be used as feedstock material (monomers, oligomers or

mixtures of other hydrocarbon compounds).

Table 13 Chemical reactions used for decomposition of polymers into monomers

Hydrolysis

Chemical Depolymerization

Glycolysis

Thermal Cracking

Gasification

Catalytic cracking and reforming

Hydrolysis

Photo degradation

Pyrolysis

Ultrasound degradation

Methanolysis

Degradation in microwave reaction

4.2.5 Plastic Waste Processing and Value Extraction

Various techniques are used for processing of plastic wastes that are undertaken:

1. Plastic waste can be turned into fuel for manufacturing process and equipment

design to produce energy. The various mechanical, biological, and calorific

systems and technologies can convert, reprocess or break-up waste into new

material or energy. Only non-recyclable plastic needs to be converted into

energy. This is undertaken by a process called co-processing which uses

plastic waste in cement industries, power stations and/or any other combustion

plants where the primary fuel is replaced by plastic waste (the waste is also

referred to as alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR)). This contributes to

more eco-efficient production and may add to plastic credits of the companies.

Figure 12 Schematic representation of Co-processing for Cement Plants (Source: Guidelines for Co-processing of Plastic

Waste in Cement Kilns by Central Pollution Control Board - https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/Co-

processing_Guidelines_Final_23.05.17.pdf)

Table 14 Protocol for Co-processing of Plastic Waste at Cement Factory

Sr.

Item

Description

Action takers

Collection

Plastic Waste

Concerned Municipal Authority will

create a system for collection of

plastic wastes through Public Private

Partnership (PPP) mode or any other

feasible method

ULB

Gram

Panchayats

(in

respective jurisdiction

urban

agglomeration)

Segregation & Pre-

processing

plastics waste

Collected

plastics

can

reprocessed/sorted into recyclable

and non-recyclable fractions. The

Non-recyclable plastics waste will be

transported to nearest cement kilns

and power plants for co-processing

by concerned Municipal Authority in

consultation

with

Ladakh

Pollution Control Committee (PCC)

ULB

Gram

Panchayats

(in

respective jurisdiction

urban

agglomeration)

Identification

cement factory

Mapping of cement kilns and power

plant for accepting co-processing of

ULB

Gram

Panchayats

(in

Sr.

Item

Description

Action takers

plastic waste in UT Ladakh or

neighbouring states (if required. An

agreement shall be signed between

Municipal Corporations and Cement

kilns

respective jurisdiction

urban

agglomeration)

Modification

for

feeding

plastic

waste

(PW)

cement kilns

Cement Industry/power plant to set-

storage

facility,

shredder,

conveyor

belt,

hopper,

winch-

machine, and double-flap damper as

per

CPCB

Guidelines

for

Co-

processing

Plastic

Waste

Cement Kilns

Concerned

Cement

Industries/Power

Plant

Setting

laboratory

for

plastics

waste

analysis

Cement industry / power plant shall

set-up a lab facility to analyze plastic

waste

before

sending

for

co-

processing.

The

instrumentation

include

Thermo-Gravimetric

Analyzer,

Bomb-Calorimeter

and

C,H,N&S Analyzer

Concerned

Cement

Industries/Power

Plant

Monitoring

emission

cement industry /

SPCBs

Cement Industry / power plant shall

monitor the emission in respect of

routine parameters and hazardous

air pollutants (HAPs)

Concerned

Cement

industry

Forwarding

progress report to

CPCB

Quarterly progress report of Co-

processing of plastic waste shall be

forwarded to CPCB

UT Ladakh PCC and

Cement

industries/Power

plant

2. Compostable plastics may also be considered. They are, as defined under

PWM rules, are “plastic that undergoes degradation by biological processes

during composting to yield CO2, water, inorganic compounds and biomass

saturate consistent with other known compostable materials, excluding

conventional Petro-based plastics, and does not leave visible, distinguishable

or toxic residue.” They are also covered under EPR obligations and the

producer/brands of such compostable plastic products need to ensure that these

materials are disposed and collected and sent to the correct processing

facilities. This shall entail:

a) Setting up / supporting infrastructure for separate collection and

procession of compostable plastic

b) Setting up / support industrialized composting facilities in the ULB where

such material can be composted

3. MRF Facility at Kargil shall be undertaken for plastic waste collection and

sent to respective processors.

4. ULBs may consider plastic in the construction of roads and building materials.

• Bituminous mix with plastic wastes shall be the default mode within 50

km periphery of urban area having population more than 5,00,000.

• Any relaxation on ground of non-availability of waste plastic, cost etc.

shall involve approval of the ministry.

• All the agencies responsible for preparation of project reports/ estimates for the

national highways and centrally sponsored works are expected to analyze

and clearly bring out reasons for inclusion or otherwise of provision of use

of waste plastic in wearing cost of disposal.

• There are two processes namely dry process and wet process for

manufacturing bituminous mixes using plastic waste. In the dry process,

processed (cleaned and dried) plastic waste is added after shredding in hot

aggregates whereas in the wet process, processed waste plastic in the form

of powder is added in the hot bitumen. As the wet process is not as cost-

effective as compared to the dry process and requires a lot of capital

investment, it is preferable to use the dry process in the construction of

roads.

4.3 Awareness generation

The primary objective to create public awareness is to encourage behavioural change.

Creating awareness among public, as well as business community is pivotal to changing

behaviour of plastic use, and subsequently generating waste. Sharing practical information

and guiding tools about how individuals or organizations can prevent and reduce waste in

their daily lives is a critical first step. Furthermore, creating awareness in citizens also leads

to gradual reduction in usage patterns as well as generation of new ideas and alternatives,

which further leads to a new vision for the city as such.

Some measures that will be considered are:

1. Having a comprehensive targeted IEC/BCC strategy and plan in place. This would

target at optimizing outreach using various mass communication as well as inter-

personal communication mediums.

2. Prominent display of messages and signages and announcements to guide users to use

the appropriate bins for disposal of plastic waste items. This can be supplemented by

a series of IEC (Information, Education & Communication) materials, which may be

produced locally, or at UT level, by the government, and/or by Civil Society

Organizations in collaboration with the citizens. Radio Jingles to discourage plastic

usage can be aired on local FM. These materials may be used to convey the following

and similar messages:

• "There is nothing called waste. Everything is reusable. Help us re-use everything."

• "A small item that you throw today becomes a larger problem for all of us

tomorrow."

3. Sensitization workshops, lectures, and seminars shall be conducted to educate and

create awareness amongst children at schools, colleges, and other educational

institutions.

4. Supplementary modes of dissemination may include posters (including roadside

poster painting), radio jingles, strip advertising on major advertisement sites, shorts

prior to exhibition of cinematic or theatrical performances, ticker advertisements on

local cable television, etc. may be used to create further awareness. Door-to-Door

campaigns, Cultural events, Fairs/carnivals, competitions, and awareness campaigns

shall be beneficial in showcasing/promoting alternative sources of plastics. Prominent

celebrities and brand ambassadors can also be engaged to promote use of alternative

plastics instead of single use plastics.

5. Social Media highlights and posts need to encourage plastic ban and alternative uses

of plastic.

6. Agencies need to be empaneled to make films and awareness videos. PR agency can

be hired for more broadcasting, who may work with Information department of the

UT.

7. Talks and quiz competitions need to be aired on local TV. Schools, and youths may

be encouraged to participate. Schools and Department of Education may also form

clubs to encourage such initiatives.

8. Creating awareness among citizens and primary waste collectors to handle

compostable plastic as a separate category and dealing with them in the proper way.

9. To continuously monitor the satisfaction level of the citizens and other stakeholders

via surveys, social network, and registered complaints. Online evaluations shall be

conducted with the key stakeholders periodically, as well as after achieving

concurrent milestones.

10. Competitions shall be arranged to provide small and medium scale industries and

commerce to gain recognition or subsidies to reduce production, use, purchase, or sale

of single use plastic.

11. Businesses shall be encouraged to stop using disposable plastic by providing tax

benefits, rent relaxations, etc.

12. Events like Housing and Urban Development Conclave, training workshops and

annual meetings/conference shall be conducted and focused on plastic waste

management.

13. Awareness campaigns like Twin Bin System, Waste out of Wealth, Campaign against

littering, plastic ban campaign in meat shops, Black Bag Campaign, etc. shall be

conducted to raise awareness and reducing the generation of plastic waste.

14. Tourists need to be sensitized about reusing plastic bottles or bring their own flasks by

proper signages, website reports and news articles.

“The Action Plan deals with identifying potential measures for Governance, Practice and Awareness.

This includes a comprehensive ideation on limiting plastic waste, building capacity for waste

collection and processing, extracting value from plastic and innovate new age solutions for a

2.18

5. Plan of Action*

Sr.

No.

Strategic areas

Action Points

Short-term

(by next 6

months

01 year)

Medium

term

(by

next 01 to 03

years)

Long term

(by next 03

to 05 years)

Governance

Regulations

governing limit

of plastic waste

Ban

Single

Use

Plastic

Notification (as per Plastic Waste

(Amendment) Rules 2021), and

any and all relevant notifications

by Central Government, and UT-

Ladakh

SWM Bye laws 2022

Identification

stockists,

retailers, etc. who are using SUP

as per CPCB Action Plan

Phase-out program

Capacity

building

Allocation of enforcement to

authorities

Formation of Task force

Formalizing Informal Sector

Provision of tools to workers

Formulation of

Financial

provisions

Preferential Buy-back policies

EPR Modulation for Bulk Waste

Generators

Green Taxation

Plastic Credits

Incentivizing Research

Tourism

BYOF/Reuse regulations

Practice

Source

Segregation

Suitable vehicles for segregated

collection and transportation

Integration

Plastic

Waste

Collection in ICCC

Setting up MRF Facility and

Monitoring

Converting

Plastic

AFR

(alternative

fuel

and

raw

material)

Monitoring

Geo-Tagging of vehicles

Recycling

Innovative

Technology

Replacing plastic with substitute

materials

Identifying recycling agencies

Awareness and

Behaviour

change

IEC/BCC

Strategy/Plan

Signages, Hoardings, Posters for

awareness creation

Executive Summary

The Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules, 2016 were notified on

29th March 2016 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).

These Rules are applicable to every waste resulting from construction, remodelling, repair,

and demolition of any civil structure of individual or organization or governmental authority

that generates construction and demolition waste. The Union Territory of Ladakh is already

having a “Policy and Strategy on Management of Construction and Demolition Waste

(Jammu & Kashmir)- 2020” vide a Govt Order No. 70- JK (HUD) of 2020 (Dated: 20-02-

2020). However, Ladakh has come a long way in terms of its focus to implement C&D waste

management programmes in a comprehensive and outcome-oriented manner since it became

a UT on 31st October 2019.

C&D waste consists of the wastes generated during any construction, renovation, and

demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges etc. Debris generated due to any natural and

anthropogenic disaster is also considered as C&D waste. C&D materials often contain

materials that inter alia include concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, gypsum, plastics, and

salvaged building components etc. Handling C&D waste is challenging because it is

voluminous, heavy, inert and is a mixture of various materials of different characteristics.

C&D waste is a clearly emerging concern in the Ladakh region, fuelled by rapid urbanization,

private and public construction activities on one hand, and limited incompatible regulation

and institutional management on the other. The waste-to-resource approach promotes a

paradigm shift in the management of municipal solid waste and the same is very applicable

for C&D waste.

Ladakh’s most threatening impact towards the region is improper management, of C&D

waste which is often disposed, indiscriminately, that impacts adversely the fragile mountain

ecology. Thus, formulation of a comprehensive Construction and Demolition Waste

Management Policy (C&D WMP) has become inevitable to regulate and manage the waste in

a scientific manner.

This policy will be applicable and binding upon all the urban local bodies (including census

towns, notified areas), rural local bodies (including revenue villages and hamlets),

development authorities, other UT and central government departments, establishments, line

agencies and public offices. The policy is limited to C&D Waste Management only.

The key users of this policy will include all the government departments of UT of Ladakh,

Units of district and sub-district administrations, Urban Local Bodies, Gram Panchayats,

LAHDC, waste management contractors and agencies, Recyclers and Bulk waste generators

(institutional, commercial).

The objectives of the C&D WMP can be summarised as follows:

• To ensure that no C&D Waste is dumped in open space by ensuring its proper sources

segregation, collection, transportation, and disposal/recycling

• To ensure establishment of C&D waste recycling facilities at the local body level

• Setting up of designated collection points for C&D waste for further processing

• To ensure 100% segregated collection of generated C&D waste in the city limits

through dedicated vehicle.

• To ensure at least 50% of C&D waste generated in Ladakh is reused or recycled by

2025

• To ensure bye-back, upto 30%, of sand, stones and finished recycled products for using

in government constructions subject to strict quality control & standards prescribed by

the BIS

• Achieving and sustaining high cleanliness ranking at national level

• C&D Waste Management infrastructure compatible to extreme cold/dry climate

Some differentiating strategies that may be incorporated in the Union Territory of Ladakh

are:

• Mainstreaming Climate Change & Net-zero aspirations of Ladakh

• Use of E-vehicles for collection and transportation of waste materials.

• Utilization of Renewable energy in the processing and disposal of C&D waste plants.

• Setting up of emission monitoring system at the processing and treatment plants.

• A combination of centralized and cluster-based solutions for processing and treatment

system shall be incorporated.

Key Activities & Milestones

The UT Administration of Ladakh is taking up following time-bound actions for C&D

Rules compliance:

Sl. #

Key Activities & Milestones

*Time limit w.e.f.

1^st

September

2022

Notification of the C&D policy

01 months

Setting up of all the Committees/Taskforces at the

UT and Local Level

02 months

Identification of sites for setting up processing,

recycling and storage facilities

03 months

Engagement of Consultants for preparing DPRs

03 months

Notifications for enforcing C&D waste generators

to practice scientific handling and management of

wastes at source

03 months

Procurement of specialized C&D waste collection

vehicles, etc.

06 months

Commissioning of recycling and storage facilities

06 months

Monitoring by UT PCC

4 times in a year-

once

months

Draft for Stakeholder’s Consultation and review

Commonly Used Abbreviations

C&D: Construction & Demolition

CAA: Constitutional Amendment Act

CBOs: Community Based Organizations

CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO: Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization

CPWD: Central Public Works Department

D2D: Door-to-door

DPR: Detailed Project Report

EIA: Environment Impact Assessment

EMP: Environmental Management Plan

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

GP: Gram Panchayat

ICT: Information and Communication Technology

IEC: Information, Education and Communication

MC: Municipal Committee

MoEF&CC: Ministry of Environment and Forests & Climate Change

MoUD: Ministry of Urban Development

MoH&UA: Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs

MSWMP: Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan

NAC: Notified Area Committee

NAPCC: National Action Plan on Climate Change

NGO: Non- Government Organization

NMSH: National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

O&M: Operation and Maintenance

PCB: Pollution Control Board

PCC: Pollution Control Committee

PPE: Personal Protection Equipment

PPP: Public Private Partnership

RCA: Recycled Concrete Aggregates

RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete

RWA: Resident Welfare Association

SHGs: Self Help Groups

SLB: Service Level Benchmark

SOP: Standard Operating Procedure

TPD: Tonnes per Day

ULB: Urban Local Body

WMP: Waste Management Plan

Contents

Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................................................91

Key Activities & Milestones .................................................................................................................................92

Commonly Used Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................93

Chapter 1: Introduction .........................................................................................................................................95

1.1

Preface: 95

1.2

Legal & Regulatory Framework & Mandates

1.3

Scope of this Document

1.4

Potential Users of this Document

1.5

Vision 98

1.6

Objectives

Chapter 2. A Brief Status of C&D Wastes in Ladakh ...........................................................................................99

2.1 Major Sources of C&D Waste?

2.2 Components of C&D Waste 99

2.3 Who are C&D Waste Generator?

100

2.4 Challenges of C&D Waste Management in Ladakh

100

Chapter 3: Principles and Strategies for the Management of C&D Waste .........................................................101

3.1

Principles

101

3.2 Strategies for C&D Waste Management

102

Chapter 4: Outline of the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for C&D ......................................................104

4.1. Advance intimation 104

4.2. Segregation and in-situ storage of C&D Wastes

104

4.3. Collection and Transportation of C&D Wastes 105

4.4. Recycling process and Resuse of C&D Wastes 106

4.4.1 Recycling of C&D waste

106

4.4.2 Technology/Machinery of Recycling of C&D Waste 107

4.4.3 Re-use of C&D Wastes

107

4.5.

Utilization of C&D Waste Streams 108

4.6. Provision for C&D Waste Processing Plants & Concerned Stakeholders 108

4.7. Provision of Land and Environment Safeguard 108

4.8. Procedure for application and grant of permission

109

Chapter 5. Legal & Institutional Framework: Roles & Responsibilities .............................................................111

5.1

Legal & Regulatory Framework

111

5.2

Institutional Framework

111

5.3

Roles of Local Bodies (LBs) – Urban & Rural

114

5.4

Duties of UT Ladakh Administration

115

5.5

Duties of Deputy Commissioner

116

Chapter 6. Capacity Building and Training ........................................................................................................117

6.1

Training Programme

117

6.2

Awareness Programme

117

6.3

Visibility Programme

117

Chapter 7. Grievance Redressal Mechanism ......................................................................................................118

Chapter 8. Way Forward .....................................................................................................................................119

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.7

Preface:

The issue of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste generation and its handling

have gained attention in the backdrop of Sustainable Development Goals and Climate

Change Mitigation strategies. Union Territory of Ladakh is witnessing rapid growth

in urbanization and infrastructure developmental works and construction works are

taking place at unprecedented rate under various schemes and developmental

programmes for roads, buildings, water supply, sewerage, bridges, and allied

infrastructure. With growth of tourism, exponential growth of construction of hotels,

guest houses are being witnessed. While many new buildings are coming up,

demolition, retrofitting and redevelopment of old buildings are also taking place. As a

result, immense amount of waste is being generated in the form of debris, building

materials, etc. Systematic intervention is, therefore, required not only for proper

handling the C&D waste but also to convert this waste into useful resource to make

the construction sector more sustainable with an ecosystem of circularity.

In Ladakh, the issue of C&D waste has entered the public discourse relatively

recently and therefore, there have been historically very little efforts to keep

segregated records of its generation and composition. In addition, C&D waste is often

clubbed with other form of municipal solid waste and thus, the magnitude of the

problem is underestimated by all stakeholders involved. This has resulted in

inadequate formal system for management, reuse and recycling of C&D waste in the

UT.

The Technology, Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC)

considers approximately 25% of all solid waste to be C&D waste and therefore, using

this metric, it can be estimated that a large quantity of C&D waste may also be

generated in the UT of Ladakh. As there is no comprehensive and reliable data on

C&D waste, it is necessary for a complete and credible assessment to be carried out

by the local bodies on the actual C&D waste that is generated within their respective

jurisdictions. Such data should be compiled by the Local Bodies. This is in line with

the requirement under C&D Rules where local bodies are required to keep track of

the generation of construction and demolition waste within its jurisdiction and

establish a database and update it once in a year. The local bodies should recognize

C&D waste as a separate stream of waste and begin the enumeration of its quantities

of generation, collection and disposal in the statutory reports.

The Swachh Bharat Mission under Ministry of Urban & Urban Affairs (MoH&UA)

envisages processing of 100% solid waste generated in cities / towns by 02 October,

2019 as a key objective, which includes C&D wastes. MoH&UA (earlier MoUD)

vide its circular dated 28th June, 2012 stated all states to set up C&D waste recycling

facilities in all cities with population of over 1 million. Unlike other rules addressing

various key urban wastes such as MSW, plastic wastes, Biomedical waste, the

Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules, 2016 are NEW

Rules that were notified on 29th March, 2016 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest

and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). They apply to every waste resulting from

construction, remodelling, repair, and demolition of any civil structure of individual

or organization or governmental authority that generates construction and demolition

waste with a definite timeline mentioned below.

a) one year and six months from the date of its notification for million plus cities

based on 2011 census of India;

b) two years from the date of its notification for 0.5 to 1 million cities based on 2011

census of India; and

c) three years from the date of its notification for other cities (<0.5 million

populations) based on 2011 census of India

Therefore, this Rule is applicable to the ULBs in Ladakh despite not being very

populous.

1.8

Legal & Regulatory Framework & Mandates

A. C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016 - Notification

The Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules, 2016 was

notified vide G.S.R. 317(E) 29th March, 2016 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest

and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Govt of India.

Definition of C&D waste & Applicability of the Rules

As per Rule 3 (c) "construction and demolition waste" means waste comprising of

building materials, debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modelling,

repair and demolition of any civil structure.

The rules shall apply to every waste resulting from construction, re-modelling,

repair and demolition of any civil structure of individual or organization or authority

who generates construction and demolition waste such as building materials, debris,

rubble.

Bulk C&D waste generators

(i). Under Rule 3 under Definitions – sub-rule (1)(j) “waste generator” means any

person or association of persons or institution, residential and commercial

establishments including Indian Railways, Airport, Port and Harbour and Defence

establishments who undertakes construction of or demolition of any civil structure

which generate construction and demolition waste.

(ii). Under Rule 4 sub-rule (3) :

Waste generators who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per

project in a month are bulk C&D waste generators. As per the Rules, the

segregation by bulk C&D waste generators shall be done into four streams such as:

a. concrete

b. soil

c. steel, wood and plastics, bricks and mortar

B. C&D Waste Management Operational Guidelines of CPCB

Rule 10 sub-rule 1(a) of C & D Waste Management Rules, 2016 mandates the Central

Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to ‘prepare operational GUIDELINES related to

environmental management of construction and demolition (C&D) waste

management’. In complying with the above Rule, the Guidelines have been prepared

to:

a. promote an integrated approach, whereby environmental management of

construction and demolition waste is given due consideration throughout the

duration of the project.

b. approach towards reduction of environmental impacts. The guidelines recommend

pollution mitigation measures in operation of C & D dump sites / waste

processing facilities.

Though guidelines focus mainly on facilities generating more than 20 tons or more in

one day or 300 tons per project in a month of installed capacity (bulk generators) in

cities / towns however, the mitigation measures suggested can be scaled after

consultation with the concerned department in the state government. The reference to

‘operators’ in these Guidelines implies operators of bulk C & D waste management /

waste recycling / processing facilities.

C. Thrust areas in C&D waste management – National Building Code (NBC)

Some key thrust areas specified in the NBC 2005 regarding C&D waste reuse/recycling are:

• Establish utilization of C&D wastes in concrete and concrete based products

by preparing standards

• Quality control and certification

• Need for popularizing products from C&D waste

• R&D activities on continuous basis in tandem with manufacturing industry

and users

• Achieving environment protection through C&D waste utilization

• Optimizing utilization pattern of traditional materials by interfacing the same

with supplementary materials.

1.9

Scope of this Document

• The policy is limited to C&D waste management.

• The management of C&D waste is a mandate for the local bodies in Ladakh.

Hence, looking at the recent growth in the construction and infrastructure

activities, the UT has decided to address this with suitable interventions.

• The policy will be applicable and binding upon all the urban local bodies

(including census towns, notified areas), rural local bodies (including revenue

villages and hamlets), development authorities, other UT and central government

departments, establishments, line agencies, public offices etc.

1.10

Potential Users of this Document

This policy is aimed to provide guidelines and strategy for improvement of C&D waste

management in the Union Territory of Ladakh. The main users include the government

departments of Union Territory of Ladakh, Urban Local Bodies, Gram Panchayats, LAHDC,

waste management contractors and agencies, recyclers, bulk waste generators (institutional,

commercial) and the individual households.

1.11

Vision

“Attaining a comprehensive construction & demolition waste management, including its

efficient segregation, collection, transportation and recycling, for making Ladakh the

cleanest region in the country.”

1.12

Objectives

Rule 9 (1) of the C&D Rules, 2016 envisages that the concerned Secretary In-Charge of

urban development in in the UT of Ladakh is required to prepare a State Policy Document

with respect to management of construction and demolition of waste. Pursuant to this

provision, this policy document is being prepared for the UT of Ladakh to sustainably

manage the C&D Waste considering generation its increasing trend of generation. This

policy is aimed at providing a broad strategic framework for all the concerned stakeholders to

prepare their own action plans and for management of C&D waste within their jurisdictions.

The objectives of the Union Territory of Ladakh Construction and Demolition Waste

Management Policy are:

• To ensure at least 50% of C&D waste generated in Ladakh is reused/recycled by

2025

• To ensure that no C&D waste is dumped in open space that may impact the

fragile ecology and people’s quality of life

• 100% source segregation and handling of C&D waste and its proper collection,

transportation, and disposal/recycling

To ensure establishment of C&D waste collection points, collection and

transportation facilities and processing and recycling facilities at the local body

level

• To ensure bye-back, upto 30%, of sand, stones etc. and finished recycled

products for using in government constructions subject to strict quality control

and standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)

• Achieving and sustaining high cleanliness ranking at national level

• Setting up state of the art C&D waste management infrastructure compatible to

extreme cold/dry climate

• To contribute in developing Ladakh as a “Carbon Neutral Region”

Draft for Stakeholder’s Consultation and review

Chapter 2. A Brief Status of C&D Wastes in Ladakh

2.1 Major Sources of C&D Waste?

In Ladakh, the waste mostly comprising of building materials, debris and rubble resulting

from construction, remodelling, repair and demolition of any civil structure. The activities

that mainly generate C&D wastes are:

• Widening, excavation, laying of concrete roads

• construction/renovation/demolition of other public infrastructure like utility

ducts, parking lots, public transport terminals, passenger shelters etc.

• construction of new commercial/residential/ industrial buildings,

• demolition and renovation of existing/old commercial/residential/ industrial

buildings

• installation and service of public utilities (telephone/water/electricity/sewage

pipelines)

• Debris generated due to landslide and stormwater run-off.

Mostly, C&D waste has two components:

(i) Major components- comprising of cement concrete, soil, stones, bricks, cement

plaster, steel from RCC, door/window frames, roofing support, railings of

staircase etc., rubble, stone- marble, granite, sandstone), timber/wood, and

(ii) Minor components- include conduits of iron, plastic, pipes of GI, iron, plastic,

electrical fixtures of copper/aluminium wiring, wooden batons, switches, wire

insulation, panels i.e. wooden, laminated and others such as glazed tiles, glass

panes etc.

2.2 Components of C&D Waste

The composition of C&D waste depends on several factors. The composition varies

according to the nature of construction projects and depends on the stage and degree

of urbanization. Climatic condition is also a major determinant of waste

characterization. Since there is limited data available in Ladakh, as a baseline, this

policy considers the typical composition of C&D waste in India as suggested by

Technology, Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), which is

shown in the following diagram:

(Source: Technology, Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council)

100

2.3 Who are C&D Waste Generator?

• C&D waste generator is defined under the C&D Waste Management Rules

2016, as “any person or association of persons or institution, residential, and

commercial establishments including Indian Railways, airport, port & harbour

and defense establishments who undertake construction and demolition of any

civil structure which generate C&D waste.”

• Waste generators who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300

tons per project in a month have been identified separately in the C&D Rules

and have additional obligations attached to them as Bulk Waste generators.

• Another type of generators falls under category as per C&D Waste

Management Rule is Service Providers. These are authorities who provide

services like, water, electricity, sewerage, telephone, roads, bridges, drainage,

etc. who generate such wastes during their activities for such services, that

includes demolition, extraction, excavation, boring, civil works, etc.

• Though the definition of waste generators- bulk as well as service providers, is

comprehensive but local bodies can consider expanding their scope by further

categorizing as per the C&D Waste 2016 and SWM Rules 2016 in order to

ensure compliance by such generators in terms of segregation of waste,

submission of waste management plan, transport of C&D wastes to processing

plants, etc.

2.4 Challenges of C&D Waste Management in Ladakh

At present, in Ladakh, following challenges exist as regards to C&D waste:

(a) Items, that cannot be re-used, are disposed in open places due to non-availability

of designated site for disposal and processing, High seasonal variation in

generation of waste and disproportionate generation of waste concentrated in

urban areas

(b) Improper source segregation

and

(d) Limited collection, transportation, sorting, and processing/recycling facilities

Draft for Stakeholder’s Consultation and review

101

Chapter 3: Principles and Strategies for the Management of C&D Waste

3.1

Principles

The Concept of “6R” Principle has been proposed for Refusing, Reducing, Repurposing,

Reusing, Recovering and also Recycling wastes of the construction industry. The different

processes involved in construction projects namely designing, production and manufacturing

at the construction sites directly lead to waste creation, therefore it is essential for a green

economy to follow the “6R” principle in the construction projects.

The guiding principles for C&D Waste Management in Ladakh is as follows:

6-Rs for Construction & Demolition Waste Management

• REFUSE - To ensure source segregation, the local bodies/ authorised agency

shall refuse to accept wastes mixed with C&D wastes and shall ensure

penalizing the violators as per the notified C&D waste penalties.

• REDUCE - Potential wastes can be identified early in the design process itself

and measures should be taken to minimize the waste that is likely to be

generated. Waste reduction can be achieved by using recyclable building

materials, planning for flexible spaces and ensuring that designs are adaptable

to changing uses and are amenable for deconstruction and reconstruction.

Source reduction measures such as preservation of the old building,

optimization of the space in new buildings, designing building and

infrastructure which reduce use of construction material on site and promote

use of recycled C&D waste materials.

• REPURPOSE – The potential waste streams are to be identified for adaptive

reuse for different purposes.

• REUSE - This involves identification of waste that can be salvaged for reuse

in the current Project or another Project or that can be donated. A comparison

of the value of the materials “as it is” for salvage or to its value as materials

for recycling may be considered prior to reuse in many cases. Some of these

materials may be valuable to reuse on-site; others may be sold to be used as

building material in another site.

Buying used C&D materials and recycled content products for use in new

construction can:

▪ Boost the local economy as recovered materials are typically locally

sourced.

▪ Lower construction and renovation costs while maintaining building

function and performance.

▪ Ensure materials collected from reuse and recycling programs will be

used again in the manufacture of new products and/or new construction,

thereby fully realizing the benefits of reuse and recycling efforts;

▪ Preserve local architectural character and historic significance (in cases of

preserved or restored buildings).

Using deconstruction prior to the demolition of the building to salvage

reusable materials from the construction site where the items which are usable

directly are screened out from the debris and put into the intended use without

further processing. These could include useful products like doors, and

windows, bricks, reinforcement, structural steel that can be taken out with

little extra efforts and put into reuse without much processing. Thus, it is

recommended that prior to any demolition activity that takes place, the waste

102

generator deconstructs the building whereby the building is dismantled, and

any salvageable reusable materials are collected and used on-site or on another

site. Re-use of recycled C&D waste materials in the rural roads may be

promoted.

• RECOVERING - To optimize the value chain of C&D waste, suitable

material recovery and processing facilities are to be set up to convert into

other useful products. The Solid Waste Management systems will be oriented

towards maximum recovery of resources from discards for recycling and

reuse. Options for setting up of Swap shops, Waste Exchange Programs,

Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) and Resource Recovery Centres will be

explored to ensure maximum recovery of resources.

• RECYCLE - After exploring all the options to prevent waste and salvaging

and reusing materials, the next step is to recycle as much of the remaining

debris as possible. Recycling saves money by minimizing disposal costs.

Once the C&D waste are segregated and reusable items are taken out, the

leftovers waste should be recycled to the extent possible. This is also vital for

ensuring that minimum amount of waste is sent to the landfills. Only rejected

waste from the C&D waste recycling process should be disposed of in sanitary

landfills.

Publicizing the collection points identified by ULBs in their respective

jurisdictions incentivizing for the use of recycled waste materials.

3.2 Strategies for C&D Waste Management

The Strategies for C&D waste management that would be adopted in UT of Ladakh taking

into considerations of environmental concerns are as follows:

I. C&D Waste Management

The involvement of all stakeholders and adoption of suitable management practices is among

the key strategies to successfully achieving efficient C&D waste management.

(a) Declaration of No C&D Waste Dumping Zones

Forest land, water bodies, stormwater drains, flood plains, meadows, etc. are be declared as

no C&D waste dumping zones and any non-compliance will be treated as a cognizable

offence.

(b) Publicize Designated Dumping Site

• The name and capacities of the designated dumping sites will be made

available on a web platform.

• The dedicated website/ link should be available in public domain to apply

for the permit for transportation of the C&D waste, to remit the fee and to

obtain the permit for transportation.

(c) Provisioning of Waste Reception Facilities

• Stock-pilling area- Area located for temporary stockpile of waste for later

use

• Recycling area

• Reclamation sites- designated part of a development project that excepts

C&D waste for reclamation purpose

• On site collection of waste through MC dumpers

(d) Other Strategies

• Establish a baseline inventory of C&D generation and characterization

103

• Promote an ecosystem for the Circular Economy: The circular economy is

based on strategies, practices, policies, and technologies to achieve

principles

related to reusing, recycling, redesigning, repurposing,

remanufacturing, refurbishing, and recovering C&D waste materials to

preserve natural resources. It provides the necessary conditions to encourage

economic and social actors to adopt strategies toward sustainability.

• Doorstep collection against fee by the local bodies to promote cleanliness

and ownership

• Designated collection points in strategic locations to enhance collection

efficiency

• Private Sector participation in the C&D waste management processes

• Collaboration of various stakeholders and convergence of programmes for

optimizing the co-benefits

• Integrating C&D policy and action plans with the Building Bye-laws by

providing the applicants with provision for declaration of projected C&D

waste generation and payment of the same for availing services towards its

management by the authorities.

• ITES interventions to streamline C&D Waste Management system includes

digital surveillance, sensor-based dust and air quality monitoring, inventory

management etc.

• Citizens’ participation to make it Citizen driven effort with mass awareness

towards C&D Waste Management.

• The local bodies can also explore options of introducing subsidy and

environmental tax policies to promote C&D waste recycling. Suitable

provisions are to be incorporated in the bye-laws.

II. ‘Sustainable Model’ on C&D waste management

The key components of Ladakh’s ‘Sustainable Model’ on Construction and Demolition

(C&D) will include the following:

• Estimation of C&D waste generation and its characterization across

geographies.

• Feasibility assessment on economically viable C&D waste recycling options.

• Feasibility assessment for viable waste management model.

• Identified sites and approval of land for development of integrated C&D waste

processing facilities.

• Awareness campaign for promoting source segregation of C&D waste by

generators.

• List out and mandate use of recycled products from C&D wastes and facilitate

to create a supportive circular ecosystem

Draft for Stakeholder’s Consultation and review

104

Chapter 4: Outline of the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for C&D

Management of C&D waste is utmost important which requires full-proof flow of

C&D waste management plan right from its identification, segregation, storage,

collection, transportation and aggregation by different categories of waste generators

to its recycling and re-use.

Following are the typical processes to be followed:

4.1. Advance intimation

Any C&D bulk waste generator will be required to submit a waste management plan (WMP)

and

get

appropriate

approvals

from

the

LBs

before

starting

any

major

construction/demolition/remodelling work. Similarly, service providers are also required to

prepare a comprehensive WMP that covers segregation, storage, collection, reuse, recycling,

transportation, and disposal of the C&D wastes.

The LBs/any concerned authority will examine and sanction the WMP of the generators

within a period of one month of its submission.

Similarly, any government agency/department/private executing agencies in the UT, while

constructing roads or any other project should submit a WMP which should include key

waste types, arrangements for onsite sorting and proposed disposal of surplus earth. Copy of

each award letter should be submitted to the concerned LBs/authorized agency for

information.

4.2. Segregation and in-situ storage of C&D Wastes

• Every waste generator will be responsible for collection, segregation, storage

and transportation of C&D wastes that they generate within their premises.

• The waste generator is required to ensure that other wastes such as

solid/hazardous wastes do not get mixed with the C&D wastes and that the

C&D waste is stored and disposed separately.

• Every waste generator is mandated to keep the C&D wastes within the

premises or get the waste transported to the assigned collection centres by the

local bodies or handover it to the authorised processing facilities of C&D

waste by ensuring that there would not be any littering of such wastes.

Collection and

transportation of C&D

Removal of Iron, AI, Wood,

Plastics, etc

The Recycled materials

can be processed

through MSW

Recycling/Processing

Receiving of C&D

Processing of C&D Waste

(Hammering, crushing,

washing, size separation,

Recycled products recovery

105

• Bulk waste generators are required to segregate their C&D wastes into 4

streams such as

(i) Concrete,

(ii) Soil,

(iii)Steel, wood and plastics, and

(iv) Bricks and mortar.

They are expected to maintain the dedicated hook loader bins/skips or tractor

trolleys (or through renting) to be kept within the construction sites. Once

these containers are full, the bulk waste generators should Inform the LBs or

the authorised private party to replace the filled skips/trolleys with the empty

ones. In case of bulk waste generators responsible for construction,

demolition, and/or renovation of large commercial or housing projects,

infrastructures such as roads, bridges/flyovers, other transport means viz.

metro lines, railways, etc, or demolition of unstable, old, or unauthorised

structures, etc the area should be cordoned off and the C&D wastes should be

segregated, stacked, and transported separately without obstructing any public

road or causing any hinderance

• Service providers are required to prepare comprehensive waste management

plan including segregation, storage, reuse, recycling, transportation and

disposal. They are expected to prepare the comprehensive Waste Management

Plan within 6 months from the date of notification of this policy.

• In case where skips or trolleys are not available, manual loading and

unloading of wastes could be permitted provided all necessary safety

precautions are taken to ensure that all accidents are avoided.

• The dust control measures with respect to storage of construction material and

demolition activities shall be taken up by the waste generators as per the

CPCB Guidelines, 2017.

4.3. Collection and Transportation of C&D Wastes

For the on-call paid services, collection and transportation of the C&D wastes shall be

done by the Local Bodies (independently or in clusters) of the UT of Ladakh or by

their authorised private agency within 24 hrs of receiving information or within a

mutually agreed timeframe.

The followings shall be taken into considerations while planning for the collection

and transportation of C&D wastes;

• For small generators of C&D Waste (such as waste emanating from petty

construction, repair, or maintenance works), LB shall consider two options, (a)

deposit of C&D waste by the small generators at collection centres/earmarked

areas; or (b) removal of waste by LBs through itself or authorised private party

on payment basis. Fees for collection of C&D waste are to be defined by the

concerned LBs/authorised agency.

• Waste generators who generate 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per

Project in a month shall be responsible to segregate the C & D waste in

different streams at their sites and shall recycle and reuse the waste to the

maximum extent possible. The fees for collection of C&D waste are to be

defined by the concerned LBs/ authorised agency.

• To create awareness about management of C & D Waste, LB shall carry out

massive awareness campaigns & will also release public notices in at least two

local new papers.

106

• All LBs shall publicize the rates for collection, transportation & storage of

C&D Waste & shall publish such rates on their websites, offices, local

newspapers, & public places.

• The Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the entire collection and

transportation process is given below:-

4.4. Recycling process and Resuse of C&D Wastes

4.4.1 Recycling of C&D waste

This is essentially required because it reduces the dependence on natural resources &

eliminates adverse environmental impacts such as mining of virgin materials.

Recycling of C&D wastes also reduces the quantum of C&D waste ending up at

landfills & open spaces.

As mandated under the C&D Rules, the LBs in Ladakh to make arrangements for

processing, recycling and disposal of C&D waste, either themselves or by appointing

authorised agencies.

The recycling of C&D waste will be primarily divided into the wet and dry process.

The dry recycling process involves:

• segregation into streams such as bricks, concretes, etc and removal of

materials such as large metal scraps, cardboard, paper, plastic and wood from

the C&D waste;

• Dry process involved is sizing, crushing, removal of scrap steel and screening

it into different size fractions (20mm, 12mm and 4.75mm).

Waste Generator informs the LB in

writing/online (within 24 hrs of

generation of waste)

Any complaint received about

C&D Generator or its

unauthorised disposal

The ULB registered the information / complaint in the

given format

Upon registering the

information, the LB gets

disposed the C& Waste

within 24 hrs through its

own resources or through

agency and ensures

maintenance of trip sheet

Collection charges

can be submitted by

the Generator at the

LB to the authorized

agency as decided by

the LB

Violators is to be

penalized as per the

provisions are

policy.

107

• primary & secondary crushing of cleaned C&D waste to reduce size of the

materials;

• screening of the particles for extracting aggregates of various sizes.

In the wet process after secondary crushing and screening the material is washed and

screened again to remove loose soil and grit. The wet process reduces the residue

(loose soil and grit) which cannot be converted into recycled products. The selection

of the appropriate process of recycling of C&D waste should take into account factors

such as type of soil, and other geological conditions, quality of segregation, use of end

products, etc. For example, using the wet process with black soil would create sludge

rather than washing away the residue. C&D waste such as concrete and bricks can be

crushed and used as coarse or fine aggregates while soil, sand, and gravel can also be

reprocessed for productive use as fine aggregates. These finished products can be

used for non-structural purposes such as kerbstone, pave blocks, and road

constructions. Coarse and fine aggregates can also be used as a part replacement for

natural sand.

4.4.2 Technology/Machinery of Recycling of C&D Waste

Arrangement of appropriate modern equipment and machinery is essential in the

demolition, transportation, sorting, crushing and recycling process. Such equipment

may be jaw crushers, magnetic separators, vibratory screens, washing equipment etc.

The recycling plant consists of the following technologies:

1. Feed hopper

2. Jaw Crusher machine

3. Pre-Screening

4. Washing & aggregate cleaning

5. Trash Screen for removal of light weights

6. Sizing Screen for washed Aggregate

7. Hydro cyclone system for Sand washing

8. Water Management system for recycling of process water

Among the major & minor components of C&D waste, the most unpredictable and

difficult materials are clay (soil) and all types of floating materials like plastic carry

bags, sachets, thermocol etc. Recycling Technology has provided the solutions to

tackle these difficult materials and make C&D waste an acceptable quality product for

re-use.

The following products can be recovered from recycling:

1. Recovery of washed sand for construction

2. Recovery of 2-3 sizes of mixed Aggregates

3. RMC made with recovered material

4. Value-added products like Kerb Stones, Pavement Blocks and Concrete Bricks

etc.

4.4.3 Re-use of C&D Wastes

Construction and Demolition waste to be re-used in the following manner:

• Reuse (at site) of bricks, stone slabs, timber, conduits, piping railings etc. to

the extent possible and depending upon their condition.

• Sale / auction of material which cannot be used at the site due to design

constraint or change in design.

• Plastics, broken glass, scrap metal etc. can be used by recycling industries.

108

• Rubble, brickbats, broken plaster/concrete pieces etc. can be used for building

activity, such as, levelling, under coat of lanes where the traffic does not

constitute heavy moving loads.

• Larger unusable pieces can be sent for filling up low-lying areas.

• Material, such as, sand, dust etc. can be used as cover material over sanitary

landfill.

• Used as top earthen layer in road construction as a granular sub-base

• Processed C&D waste (after sizing & sieving) can be used in road pavement

for sub-base construction.

4.5. Utilization of C&D Waste Streams

• Reusing of C& D Waste: It does not require any further processing to convert

into a useful product. The items which are usable directly are screened out

from the debris and put into the possible use without further processing.

• Recycling of C&D Waste: Once the waste generated from construction and

demolition activities has been segregated and reusable items are taken out, the

leftover is available for further processing i.e. recycling into next useful stage.

4.6. Provision for C&D Waste Processing Plants & Concerned Stakeholders

• It is necessary to determine the capacity of C&D waste processing plants taking

periodical inputs from the organizations such as the BRO, PWD, NHIDCL. It is

desirable to provide such data by the concerned organizations to ascertain the

C&D Waste volume in order to ensure establishing appropriate capacity of the

C&D waste processing plants in Leh and Kargil districts.

• All the concerned stakeholders should ensure their willingness to use such

facility.

• It is advisable to make sure that the C&D processing plant must not be close to

the city area, and it should be away from the habitation, considering the

environmental concerns.

• The DCs and LPCC of Leh and Kargil districts respectively should identify

suitable land parcels for construction of C&D Waste Processing Plant in Leh

and Kargil for the H&UDD and MCs to set up plants.

• The DCs and LPCC of Leh and Kargil districts respectively should identify

suitable land parcels for construction of regional C&D Collection Points and

treatment facilities in the census towns in Ladakh. The adjoining rural C&D

wastes should also be processed in such facilities.

• It is advisable to make sure that adequate amount of land should be provided so

that the designated dumpsites for the C&D waste could also be accommodated

adjacent to the processing units.

• A suitable provision shall be made by the Local Body to integrate C&D Waste

Management with building plan approval system.

• A notification be issued by the EOs of the MCs of Leh and Kargil making a

provision to incorporate users' fees and penalties in the policies.

4.7. Provision of Land and Environment Safeguard

• The concerned Local Body/district administration will designate suitable lands

and/or keep suitable provisions in their respective Development Plan/ Master

Plan/Zonal Plan/Town Planning Schemes etc. for future infrastructure facilities

under.

109

• Identification of land for common / cluster level infrastructure should also be

made jointly by the respective district administration, local bodies,

representatives from the PCC and Forest Department.

• To minimize the adverse impact

on environment,

all the C&D

processing/recycling facilities shall maintain a setback distance or buffer zone

in line with the guidelines on setback distances or buffer zones given in the

CPCB Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Wastes, 2017. The

concerned administration/LBs in consultation with the UT PCC should

prescribe buffer zone on case-to-case basis considering all the environmental,

social and economic factors.

4.8. Procedure for application and grant of permission

• Applicant or the person concerned, intending to commence construction within

the area of the Local Body, shall in writing submit detailed estimate of muck to

be generated from the plot/construction site to the Local Body on the

prescribed proforma annexed with these bye- laws at the time of submission of

his/her building map/plan for sanction. However, in the case of repair of

building or in the case where no planning permission is required, the

permission for dumping debris shall be obtained from the Local Body

authorities by moving an application mentioning therein full particulars of the

applicant, location of the building and the estimate/quantity of muck to be

generated.

• The estimate submitted by the applicant shall be verified by the technical wing

of Local Body after spot inspection and thereafter shall be sent to the concerned

branch for raising the bill for necessary permission.

• The permission for dumping of debris shall be accorded only after obtaining

receipt of the amount to be deposited by the applicant in the Local Body on this

account.

• The place for dumping of muck shall be communicated to the applicant by the

Local Body in writing and the name of the place/site for dumping of debris by

the applicant shall also be mentioned in their building sanction letter. Further,

intimation of the same shall also be given to the concerned Local Body or to

the concerned agency or the contractor hired or engaged by the Local Body for

managing the dumping site.

• During transportation of the muck, a person shall have to carry the original

permission, a copy of which shall be affixed on windscreen of the vehicle and

the same shall have to be shown to the authorized officer/official of Local Body

at the time of inspection. However, in case of manual transportation of debris

the person carrying the same shall have to show the original sanction to the

inspecting staff/authorized officer/official at the time of inspection.

• There shall be a restriction on movement of the vehicles carrying muck after

the sunset and before the sunrise. The normal timings for dumping muck at the

dumping site will be between 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. However, in case of

exigencies and in view of traffic regulations in the area the Local Body may in

writing relax such timings.

• No one shall be permitted to carry the digging and excavation of plot or land

after sunset and before sunrise but the Local Body in the larger public interest

the

case

emergent

circumstances

may

relax

such

imposition/restrictions, on receiving written request from the applicant or the

concerned agency or the authority interested in this regard.

Draft for Stakeholder’s Consultation and review

111

Chapter 5. Legal & Institutional Framework: Roles & Responsibilities

5.1

Legal & Regulatory Framework

(i) UT SWM Policy and Strategy – The Union Territory of Ladakh will soon have

a state policy on solid waste and plastic waste management to achieve ‘zero

waste’ status through sustainable interventions, innovations and technology. The

policy document has been drafted with a vision to make Ladakh a garbage-free,

energy-efficient and carbon-neutral waste management region so that it emerges

as one of the cleanest areas in the country. Once notified, the policy will be the

overarching strategic direction for waste management in the UT.

(ii) UT C&D Policy and Strategy – this document

(iii)

Local Body Bye-laws for SWM

Under the overarching principles and strategies outlined in this policy; the Local

Self Governments (ULBs & GPs) will frame Solid Waste Management Bye-Laws

for effective and time-bound management of solid waste in the region. H&UDD

and R&PRD will facilitate to develop template Bye-Laws that can be adapted by

the Local Authorities with modifications to suit their local demand.

The Bye-Laws will incorporate necessary provisions from the Construction and

Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016. The Bye-laws would also address the

relevant guidelines of CPHEEO, CPCB and PCC and bring in regulations and

bans on specific materials, products, or processes, as well as incorporate

incentives and disincentives for effective implementation of solid waste

management rules and shall be facilitated by gazette notification of bye-laws once

adopted by local bodies.

(iv) Notifications & Orders

Subsequent to the bye-laws, the district administration and/or the local authorities

will issue specific notifications/orders:

• to curb and prohibit open dumping of C&D Waste

• to make in-situ waste management compulsory for the bulk generators

• to regulate waste management during the tourist seasons

Some of these notifications have already been issued. Notifications issued by the

MC Leh and Kargil is provided in Annex 1.

5.2

Institutional Framework

Following are the existing arrangements so far and the same arrangements will also be

responsible to monitor the C&D wastes.

(i) Institutional Framework at the UT-level

The proposed linear chain of command for implementation of towards a Zero-

waste system will have the below mentioned institutional arrangement for

accountability, decision making, guidance, implementation, and monitoring:

• UT Level Apex Committee

A Committee chaired by the Advisor to the Hon’ble LG, as envisaged in

SWM Rule 2016, has already been formed with members for periodical

evaluation and oversee the implementation of waste management in the UT as

per the MSWM Rule 2016 and subsequent Orders of Hon’ble NGT to Solid

Waste Management. The committee is comprised of the following members:

112

Advisor to the Hon'ble Lt. Governor, Ladakh

Chairman

All Administrative Secretaries, Ladakh

Members

Administrative Secretary, Law Department, Ladakh

Member

Additional Director General of Police/Head of Police,

Ladakh

Member

Member Secretary Pollution Control Committee,

Ladakh

Member Secretary

Director, Rural Development & Panchayati Raj,

Ladakh

Member

Director, Industries and Commerce Department,

Ladakh

Member

Director, Urban Local Bodies, Ladakh

Member

Director, Health Services, Ladakh

Member

This Committee will also monitor implementation of C&D waste in the UT.

• State Level Advisory Body

A Committee chaired by the Secretary, H&UDD, as envisaged in SWM Rule

2016, has already been formed with members for periodical evaluation and

running the state level campaign for Zero Waste approach to Solid Waste

Management. The committee is comprised of the following members:

• Administrative Secretary Housing & Urban Development Department

• Administrative Secretary Rural Development Department

• Member Secretary Pollution Control Committee

• Director H&UDD Ladakh

• Director Horticulture/Agriculture Ladakh

• Representative of Revenue Department

• Representative of Labour Department

• Three representatives from Local Bodies to be nominated by the

Housing & Urban Development Department by rotation in each

meeting of the Body (By rotation from the list of ward members of

both districts arranged alphabetically)

• Executive Officer, Municipal Committee, Leh & Kargil

From the Government of India:

• Representative from Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change, Government of India

• Representative from Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,

Government of India

• Representative from Ministry of Rural Development, Government of

India

This Committee will also look in the implementation of C&D waste in the UT.

(ii) Institutional Framework for the Urban Areas

• Secretary (UD&HD) will assume the responsibility of implementation of UT

Policy on C&D WM and monitoring of the same in all Urban Local Bodies.

Secretary may delegate coordination, implementation, and monitoring of the

113

state policy to any of his team members in the rank of Mission Director /

Under Secretary / Deputy Secretary.

• Pollution Control Committee will have the responsibility of monitoring the

compliances and effectiveness in the entire waste management cycle. PCC

will also be responsible for seeking periodic report and necessary coordination

with the CPHEEO/CPCB for guidelines and necessary advisories.

• Divisional Commissioner will assume the responsibility to periodically

review the progress of C&D WM implementation in the UT.

• Director of Urban Local Bodies will assume the responsibility to

periodically review the plans and progress of C&D WM implementation in the

Municipal Committee/urban areas and for providing guidance and instructions

for necessary corrective actions.

• Deputy Commissioner will assume the responsibility to periodically review

the plans and progress of C&D WM implementation in the respective districts

and for providing guidance and instructions for necessary corrective actions.

S/he will also be responsible for allocation of suitable lands for setting up of

C&D WM infrastructures.

• Local Authority Level Monitoring Committee - A Committee chaired by

head of Urban Local Body assisted by Municipal Executive Officer. The

committee will have all elected representatives, representatives from clusters /

ward level committees, invited experts and NGO representatives.

Indicative Members:

(a) Elected representatives (b) Representatives from Ward/Cluster level

committees (c) Representatives from Educational institutions (preferably

teaching staff) (d) Representatives from youth clubs (e) Experts working on

Public Health, Sanitation and Waste Management (f) Environmental activists

& Educational activists (g) NGO & Civil Society Organisation representatives

(h) Representatives from Business community (Shopkeepers, Hoteliers,

Traders, Workshop owners etc.) (i) Representatives from house owners and

residents.

• Municipal Executive Officer will be responsible for the effective solid waste

management programmes and process at the Urban Local Body level.

Municipal Executive Officer may take technical support and guidance from

Technical Support Group and /or City Level Monitoring team. Municipal

Executive Officer may engage NGOs, student community, and other people to

launch campaigns to set the background for the comprehensive C&D WM

programme for the City.

(iii)Institutional Framework for the Rural Areas

• Secretary (R&PRD) will assume the responsibility of implementation of UT

Policy on C&D WM and monitoring of the same in the rural areas. Secretary

may delegate coordination, implementation, and monitoring of the state policy

to any of his team members in the rank of Mission Director / Under Secretary /

Deputy Secretary.

114

• Divisional Commissioner will assume the responsibility to periodically

review the progress of C&D WM implementation in the UT.

• Pollution Control Committee will have the responsibility of monitoring the

compliances and effectiveness in the entire waste management cycle. PCC

will also be responsible for seeking periodic report and necessary coordination

with the CPHEEO/CPCB for guidelines and necessary advisories.

• Director of Rural Development Department will assume the responsibility

to periodically review the plans and progress of C&D WM implementation in

the rural areas and for providing guidance and instructions for necessary

corrective actions.

• Deputy Commissioner will assume the responsibility to periodically review

the plans and progress of C&D WM implementation in the respective districts

and for providing guidance and instructions for necessary corrective actions.

S/he will also be responsible for allocation of suitable lands for setting up of

C&D WM infrastructures.

• Local Authority Level Monitoring Committee - A Committee chaired by

head of Gram Panchayat assisted by Rural Development Officer. The

committee will have all elected representatives, representatives from clusters /

ward level committees, invited experts and NGO representatives.

Indicative Members:

(a) Elected representatives (b) Representatives from Ward/Cluster level

committees (c) Representatives from Educational institutions (preferably

teaching staff) (d) Representatives from youth clubs (e) Experts working on

Public Health, Sanitation and Waste Management (f) Environmental activists

& Educational activists (g) NGO & Civil Society Organisation representatives

(h) Representatives from Business community (Shopkeepers, Hoteliers,

Traders, Workshop owners etc.) (i) Representatives from house owners and

residents.

• Panchayat Secretary will be responsible for the effective solid waste

management programmes and process at the GP level. PS may take technical

support and guidance from Technical Support Group and /or GP Level

Monitoring team. PS Officer may engage NGOs, student community, and

other people to launch campaigns to set the background for the comprehensive

SWM programme for the GP.

5.3

Roles of Local Bodies (LBs) – Urban & Rural

Following are the roles of Local Bodies to ensure effective management of C

& D Waste:

• The Local Bodies, in coordination with the concerned District Administration,

shall identify suitable land for setting up of storage, processing and recycling

facilities for Management of C&D Waste.

115

• LBs can also set up these facilities in clusters by executing an agreement with

other LBs which will inter alia include operation & maintenance, sharing of

sum received out of collection of C&D waste & other conditions as deemed fit

etc.

• The processing or recycling site shall be away from habitation clusters, forest

areas, water bodies, monuments, National Parks, Wetlands and places of

important cultural, historical or religious interest.

• To promote effective use of C&D Waste and recycled products in different

construction activities the following initiatives/activities should be taken by

Local Bodies and by the State Government.

• LBs shall keep track of the generation of construction and demolition waste

within their jurisdiction, establish a data base and update once in a year.

• LBs shall make provision for giving incentives for use of materials made of

C&D Waste in construction activities including in non-structural concrete,

paving blocks, lower layers of road pavements, colony and rural roads.

• LBs shall examine and sanction the waste management plan of the generators

within a period of two month or from the date of approval of building plan,

whichever is earlier, from the date of its submission.

• LBs shall create a sustained system of information, education and

communication for construction and demolition waste through collaboration

with expert institutions, civil societies and disseminate through their own

website.

• LBs shall coordinate with the concerned organizations for giving necessary

approvals and clearances to the operators.

• LBs shall identify land for processing or recycling site which is away from

habitation clusters, forest areas, water bodies, monuments, National Parks,

Wetlands and places of important cultural, historical or religious interest.

• LBs, in consultation with the State Pollution Control Committee, shall ensure

that a buffer zone is maintained around solid waste processing and disposal

facilities exceeding five Tonnes per day of installed capacity.

• LBs shall ensure that processing or recycling sites are fenced or hedged and

provided with proper gate to monitor incoming vehicles or other modes of

transportation and facility of CCTV may also be explored.

• LBs shall ensure that the approach and internal roads are concreted or paved

so as to avoid generation of dust particles due to vehicular movement and

should be designed so as to ensure free movement of vehicles and other

machinery.

• LBs shall establish provisions of weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste

brought at processing site. Fire protection equipment and other facilities as

may be required shall also be provided.

5.4

Duties of UT Ladakh Administration

The following initiatives shall be taken by the UT of Ladakh Administration to ensure

effective management of C & D Waste:

• State Government departments and officers dealing with land shall be made

responsible for providing suitable sites for setting up of the storage, processing

and recycling facilities for construction and demolition waste.

• The Master plans shall incorporate the site in the approved land use plan so

that there is no disturbance to the processing facility on a long-term basis.

Draft for Stakeholder’s Consultation and review

117

Chapter 6. Capacity Building and Training

6.1

Training Programme

• The LBs/district administration should impart periodic training programmes,

on the Rules, Bye-laws, CPCB guidelines, and any other relevant materials, to

all the concerned officials and functionaries to ensure they are aware of the

existing rules and regulations of the C&D waste management.

• Various training and awareness modules should be prepared suitable to the

government officials of different hierarchy keeping their roles and

responsibilities into consideration.

• The training programmes should be focused on maximising productivity and

efficiency of the resources available within the UT of Ladakh.

• The UT administration should earmark adequate amounts of training and

capacity building of all levels of staff at regular intervals.

• The schedule, frequency and length of the training and capacity building

programmes should be dependent on the no. of staffs and other external

agencies involved.

• The training programmes should also be conducted to improve the awareness

level among the potential market players regarding the utilization of C&D

waste products.

6.2

Awareness Programme

• The LB together with concerned Govt agencies, and partner organizations

should disseminate information regarding the use and benefits of recycled

C&D waste products among various stakeholders including the general public.

• The concerned government agencies must devise strategies to improve

awareness and generate demand for C&D waste-based building materials via

White papers, workshops, targeted incentives for the first-time users, etc. The

ULB should widely publicise the sources from where the recycled products

can be procured.

6.3

Visibility Programme

• There should be a provision for separate section on management of C&D

waste on the LB’s website where the information about C&D waste including

rules, policies, user fee, penalties, details of collection centre/transit sites and

processing facilities, etc will be available.

• A list of suggestions for waste minimization, recycling, and an interactive

section where audio-visuals on useful ideas or experiences can be uploaded

and discussed.

• Incentives for use of recycled material should be publicised through the

website.

• The LB should use print and audio/visual media to sensitize the citizens about

the issues arising out of C&D waste being dumped at empty sites or along

with other types of wastes. The numbers around per day generation and the

magnitude of the problem should be publicised and cooperation solicited from

the citizens in handling the C&D waste responsibly.

• The LB shall collaborate with the technical experts, NGOs and

builder/developer associations to build the IEC content and disseminate the

information.

Draft for Stakeholder’s Consultation and review

119

Chapter 8. Way Forward

The following key activities and milestones shall be taken up for successful implementation

and adoption of the policy

Sl. #

Key Activities & Milestones

*Time limit w.e.f.

1^st

September

2022

Notification of the C&D policy after public

disclosure

01 months

Setting up of all the Committees/Taskforces at the

UT and Local Level

02 months

Identification of sites for setting up processing,

recycling and storage facilities

03 months

Engagement of Consultants for preparing DPRs

03 months

Notifications for enforcing C&D waste generators

to practice scientific handling and management of

wastes at source

03 months

Procurement of specialized C&D waste collection

vehicles, etc.

06 months

Commissioning of recycling and storage facilities

06 months

Monitoring by UT PCC

4 times in a year-

once

months

Draft for Stakeholder’s Consultation and review

120

Annexure-1

PUBLIC NOTICE

MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

NAME

ULB.....................................................................................................

This is bring to the notice of the public residing in the jurisdiction of (Name

ULB.............................................................................................)

that

Construction and Demolition Waste should not be thrown or littered on the

roads/public places. In case of generation of Construction and Demolition

Waste, the generator should contact online or in writing at the office of (Name

of ULB..................................................................................) within three days

of generation of waste for collection of waste by giving such collection

charges

notified

(Name

ULB.........................................................................).

After receiving information in writing from the Generator, the ULB shall

arrange to lift the C & D waste and dispose it at a designated site by using its

own resources or will deploy an agency for the same and shall fill the trip

sheet.

It is also brought to the notice of the public that every waste generator shall

keep the Construction and Demolition waste within their premises or get the

waste

deposited

collection

centre

notified

(Name

ULB.......................................................................................................)

handed over it to the authorized agency and also ensure that there is no

littering or deposition of Construction and Demolition waste so as to prevent

obstruction to the traffic or the public or drains.

This notice is published in compliance of the provisions of the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016.

LADAKH GAZETTE : EXTRAORDINARY 123

123

Sample Notification

Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management in the Municipal areas in the UT

of Ladakh

The Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules, 2016 was notified vide

G.S.R. 317(E) 29th March 2016 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change

(MoEF&CC). As per Rule 3 (c) of the notification, all waste comprising of building materials,

debris and rubble resulting from construction, re-modeling, repair, and demolition of any civil

structure will be considered as C&D waste. Under Rule 3, sub-rule (1)(j), any person or

association of persons or institution, residential and commercial establishments including Indian

Railways, Airport, Port and Harbor and Defense establishments who undertakes construction of

or demolition of any civil structure that generate construction and demolition waste will be

considered as “Waste Generator”. Under Rule 4 sub-rule (3), all waste generators who generate

more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per project in a month will be considered as

bulk C&D waste generators.

In order to ensure scientific management of C & D Waste and handling and related works in the,

the MC Leh/Kargil hereby notifies the following Order that will be effective from ………This

Order shall be applicable for all C&D waste generators (commercial, institutional, non-

commercial and bulk) within the jurisdiction of MC, Leh/ Kargil and shall remain in force until

further notification.

A. Advance intimation and planning

1. All bulk and non-bulk C&D waste generator shall be responsible to inform the respective

ULB, at least 15 working days in advance, to obtain no-objection certificate (NOC)

before commencing any C&D work in the prescribed application format. If anyone

found prohibiting this Notification, will be liable to pay penalty of INR………..

2. Prior to permitting to start demolition operations of large and multi-storied buildings, an

engineering survey of the structures/ buildings/ equipment shall be made, by a competent

person, to determine structural integrity and the possibility of unplanned collapse of any

portion of the structure/ building/ equipment. Any adjacent structure that may be exposed

to any potential damage shall also be similarly checked. MC will charge a one-time fee

of INR XXX for this site inspection and issuance of NOC.

B. Site management

3. All bulk and non-bulk C&D waste generator shall be responsible to segregate the C&D

waste at source/construction site.

4. Upon accumulation of stipulated amount of waste, the generator would inform the ULB

or the authorized agencies who shall then send a suitable vehicle to pick up such

segregated C&D waste on payment of necessary charges by the said generator.

5. It shall be the responsibility of owner/occupier/generator to ensure that no illegal C&D

waste is dumped or thrown indiscriminately. The same can be reported at ULB dedicated

helpline number. Non-compliance would attract penalty.

6. It shall be the responsibility of owner/occupier/generator to ensure that no soak pit,

drainage channels, water supply lines, power supply lines, tele-communications,

sewerage lines, septic tank, common access roads or any other public utility is not

affected due to improper storage of C&D waste at site.

LADAKH GAZETTE : EXTRAORDINARY 124

124

7. Adequate lateral support for adjoining structures should be provided. Before the existing

lateral support is disturbed, provision should be made for the erection of temporary

supports, which will need to be checked for effectiveness as the demolition proceeds. The

8. As per C&D Waste Rules (Rule 4 sub-rule (4)) there should be no littering or deposition

of construction and demolition waste by any waste/bulk C&D waste generators in any

of the occupied/unoccupied/open/vacant/public or private place including but not

limited to streets/ roads/ sidewalks/ playground/ low lying areas/ drains (nallahs)/

abandoned quarries/ outskirts of the city etc., so as to prevent obstruction to the traffic

or the public or drains within the limits of Urban Local Body of Leh and Kargil. If

anyone found prohibiting this Notification, will be liable to pay penalty of

INR………. for each offence.

9. ULB may randomly/periodically verify premises of waste generators. If any waste

generator is found violating this Notification will be liable to pay fine. The amount of

fine will be INR 5000 for building repair and INR 10000 for new construction/demolition

of building irrespective of its area.

10. Every violation shall be recorded and ULB shall provide slip to the violators to deposit

the fine within seven days of violation. If a violator fails to deposit the fine within

stipulated timeframe, then the fine amount plus 10% cumulative interest shall be added

for each passing day and recovered.

11. If violation continues, the defaulter can be taken to a civil court as per the Environment

Management Act.

12. As per Noise (Regulation & Control) Rules 2000, noise from a C&D waste management

facility is considered an environmental nuisance if the construction / demolition activity

is conducted outside the stipulated hours (7 am to 9 pm from Monday to Saturday) of

operation or on holidays. If anyone found prohibiting this Notification, will be liable

to pay penalty of INR………. for each offence.

13. As per Rule 5A, subrule (3) under Noise (Regulation & Control) Rules 2000, sound

emitting construction equipment’s shall not be used or operated during nighttime in the

residential areas and silence zones. Permissible noise level (in dB(A) Leq which is the

equivalent continuous (energy average) level (Aweighted)) for C&D activity in the

different zones/areas are (A) Industrial area 75 (B) Commercial area 65 (C) Residential

area 55. If anyone found prohibiting this Notification, will be liable to pay penalty of

INR………. for each offence.

14. Dusts from various C&D activities release wide range of particle sizes and material types

and can cause both serious health problems. In case of demolition, the building should be

covered with non-porous sheets so that dust and falling broken parts do not cause any

accident. Debris generated through C&D activity should mandatorily be covered by a

non-porous sheet. Visible signboards indicating do’s & don’ts, needs to be displayed

mandatorily by Bulk C&D waste generator at each site. Fugitive dust emissions

suppression systems should be in place at all bulk C&D waste generation sites. If anyone

found prohibiting this Notification, will be liable to pay penalty of INR………. for

each offence.

LADAKH GAZETTE : EXTRAORDINARY 125

125

15. Water sprinklers needs to be used for spraying water at all storage and unloading points

to prevent fugitive dust emissions. If anyone found prohibiting this Notification, will

be liable to pay penalty of INR………. for each offence.

16. Hazardous C&D wastes/ toxic wastes should be kept separately from C&D wastes to

avoid further contamination. Lead, tars, adhesives, sealants, containing asbestos, glasses,

sharp metals etc. are classified as hazardous C&D waste. If anyone found prohibiting

this Notification, will be liable to pay penalty of INR………. for each offence.

C. Collection & Transportation

17. The ULB will transport this waste to a designated disposal site/ storage depots/

processing center. The ULB may also authorize selected agencies to collect C&D waste

and the details about these organizations may be found at ULB website.

18. C&D waste generators are not required to transport the debris. They need to contact at

local helpline of ULB to send a vehicle to pickup such waste on payment of necessary

fixed charges decided by ULB. INR 600 a ton (excluding taxes) will be charged for

picking up C&D waste from the site for the non-bulk generators and INR 350 will be

charged for picking up C&D waste from bulk generator sites as transportation cost.

19. No person/contractor/vehicle owner/authorized agencies are allowed to drive any vehicle

filled with C&D waste without prior information to ULB and obtaining stipulated

challans. Vehicles carrying C&D waste should be covered to prevent any littering or

deposition of waste as well as to prevent fugitive dust emission upon any

occupied/unoccupied/open/vacant/public or private place. The motorized vehicles should

be fitted with GPS facility to track the movement by such vehicles. If anyone found

prohibiting this Notification, will be liable to pay penalty of INR………. for each

incidence of offence. The Authority may also take measure for seizing the vehicle

and/or driving license of the driver.

D. Disposal

20. The ULB, through its website, shall disclose information about the designated disposal

sites/ waste storage depots and processing centers.

“No legal responsibility is accepted for the contents of publication of advertisements/publications in this part of The

Ladakh Gazette. Persons notifying the advertisements/public notices will remain solely responsible for the legal

consequences and also for any other misrepresentation etc.”