TAMIL NADU

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE

EXTRAORDINARY

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

[Regd. No. TN/CCN/467/2012-14.

GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU

[R. Dis. No. 197/2009.

2024

[Price: Rs. 80.00 Paise.

No. 73]

CHENNAI, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 29, 2024

Maasi 17, Sobakiruthu, Thiruvalluvar Aandu-2055

Part II—Section 2

Notifications or Orders of interest to a Section of the public

issued by Secretariat Departments.

NOTIFICATIONS BY GOVERNMENT

[ 1 ]

HIGHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

[Collegiate Education - Recruitment Of Assistant Professors In Collegiate Education Department By Way Of

Direct Recruitment Through Teachers Recruitment Board By Conducting Competitive Written Examination -

Prescription Of Syllabi - Notification Issued.]

[G.O.Ms.No. 50, Higher Education (F2), 28th February 2024,

மாசி 16, ச‚ோபகிருது, திருவள்ளுவர் ஆண்டு-2055.]

No. II(2)/HE/137(b)/2024.

INDEX SYLLABI

CODE NO.

SUBJECTS

BIO-TECHNOLOGY

BIO-CHEMISTRY

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE EDUCATION

BOTANY / PLANT BIOLOGY AND PLANT

BIO-TECHNOLOGY

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

CHEMISTRY

COMMERCE

COMPUTER SCIENCE / COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

COSTUME DESIGN AND FASHION

10.

DEFENCE STUDIES

11.

ECONOMICS

12.

EDUCATION

13.

ELECTRONICS / ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

14.

ENGLISH

15.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

16.

GEOGRAPHY

II-2 Ex. (73)—1

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

17.

GEOLOGY

18.

HINDI

19.

HISTORY

20.

HISTORY EDUCATION

21.

HOME SCIENCE

22.

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (HRD)

23.

HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES

24.

INDIAN CULTURE AND TOURISM

25.

INDIAN MUSIC

26.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

27.

JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION

28.

MALAYALAM

29.

MARINE BIOLOGY

30.

MATHEMATICS

31.

MATHEMATICS EDUCATION

32.

MICRO-BIOLOGY

33.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

34.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE EDUCATION

35.

PHYSICS

36.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

37.

PSYCHOLOGY

38.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

39.

SANSKRIT

40.

SOCIAL WORK

41.

SOCIOLOGY

42.

STATISTICS

43.

TAMIL

44.

TELUGU

45.

TOURISM AND TRAVEL MANAGEMENT

46.

URDU

47.

VISUAL COMMUNICATION

48.

WILDLIFE BIOLOGY

49.

ZOOLOGY

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No:01

SUBJECT : BIOTECHNOLOGY

SYLLABUS

UNIT 1: BIOCHEMISTRY

Classification, structure, chemistry and properties of carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids proteins and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrate biosynthesis-Lipid biosynthesis- Biosynthesis of amino acids, Nucleotide and related molecules.

Principles of Bioenergetics, Glycolysis. Catabolism of hexoses- The citric acid Cycle. Oxidation of fatty

acids-Oxidation of amino acids-Oxidative phosphorylation – Photo phosphorylation, Biological membranes and

transport. Cytoskeletal organization. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thrombaxanes – Inteferons and interleukins.

Antibodies, alkaloids. Plant and Animal pigments.

Principle techniques and applications of chromatography, centrifugation and electrophoresis.

UNIT 2: MOLECULAR GENETICS

Identification of DNA as the genetic material, Gene as the unit of mutation and recombination. Mutations:

Molecular nature; mutagenesis by nitrous acid, hydroxylamine, alkylating agents, intercalators and UV. Origin of

spontaneous mutations and control. Reversion and suppression – suppression of nonsense, missense and frameshift

mutations. DNA damage by UV, alkylating agent, cross linkers, Mechanism of repair – photo reactivation, excision

repair, recombinational repair, SOS, Adaptive responses and their regulation Heat shock response. DNA damage

and repair.

Para sexual process in bacteria: Transformation, transduction and conjugal gene transfer: The phenomena

mechanisms and applications. Recombination: model, mechanism and control. Gene as the unit of expression.

Colinearity of gene and poly – peptide. Elucidation of the genetic code, Wobble hypothesis. Regulation of gene

expression. Extra chromosomal heredity: Biology of plasmids discovery, types and structure of F, RTF, Col-Factor

and Ti plasmid, replication and partitioning. Incompatibility and copy number control, Natural and artificial plasmid

transfer and their applications. Transposable genetic elements – Identification of transposition – IS elements,

composite transposons, Tn3, Tn5, Tn9, Tn10 and Mu phage. Mechanism of transposition. Transposable elements

in eukaryotes: Maize – Ac & Ds, Spm & dspm, Drosophila – p elements. Retro transposons. Genetics of

Eukaryotes: Gene linkage and chromosome mapping. Crossing over–there point cross, tetrad analysis. Organisation

of chromosomes, specialized chromosomes, chromosome abnormalities, quantitative inheritance, population genetics.

Development of genetics using Drosophila as model system.Somatic cell genetics.

Genome sequencing projects – Microbes, plants and animals, Accessing and retrieving genome project

information from web, Comparative genomics, Identification and classification using molecular markers-16S rRNA

typing/ sequencing, EST’s and SNP’s.

UNIT 3: MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure and ultra structure and functions of intra cellular organelles.

Organisation of cytoskeleton – organization of intermediate filaments, microtubules and actin filaments. Molecular

aspects of cell division and cell cycle, mitosis, cytokines – Cell cycle – Cell fusion – Nuclear cytoplasmic interaction.

Structure of DNA and RNA. DNA melting and unwinding. kinetics – cot curve replication of DNA: enzymology,

models of replication, kinetics and control. Transcriptions – Enzymology, prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription,

mechanism of transcription, post transcriptional modifications, export of mRNA. Transcription and process of rRNA

and tRNA. Translation – Mechanism and regulation, post translational modifications, protein secretion. Regulation

of gene expression: Regulation in prokaryotes – Operon concepts, Lac, Trp and Ara. Regulation in eukaryotes

– Transcriptional regulation, transcription factors, hormonal regulation, loss, amplification and rearrangement.

RNA mediated regulation. Mechanism of signal transduction – G protein, cAMP and calcium ion channel.

Cancer – Introduction, types and oncogenesis, mitogens. Oncogenes, suppression of Oncogenes.

Functional genomics and proteomics – Analysis of microarray data, Protein and peptide microarray-based

technology, PCR-directed protein in situ arrays, Structural proteomics

UNIT 4: IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY

History and scope of immunology.Types of immunity – innate, acquired, passive and active, Physiology of

immune response-H1 and CMI specificity and memory. Antigen-Antibody reactions, types of antigens, hapten,

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

immuno-globulins, types, structure, distribution and functions. Molecular biology of Ig synthesis. Lymphoid organs,

ontogeny and physiology of immune system, origin and development, differentiation of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes

sub-population of mouse and man. Structure and functions of Class I and Class II molecules. HLA in human

health and diseases. Transplantation immunity – Organ transplantation and HLA tissue typing, effector mechanism in

immunity – Macrophage activation, cellular interaction in immune response, cell mediated cytotoxicity, hypersensitivity

reactions, antigen lymphocyte activation, clonal proliferation, differentiation, interleukins and compliment systems.

Immunological tolerance, immuno suppression, history and status of tumour immunology, auto immune disorders

and immunology of infectious disease.

Hybridoma techniques and monoclonal antibody production. Myeloma cell lines. Fusion of myeloma cells

with antibody producing B cells and selection of hybrids. Cloning, production and characterization of monoclonal

antibody. T-cell cloning and mechanism of antigen, recognition by T & B lymphocytes. Structure, function and

synthesis of lymphokines. Antigen presentation and MHC Class-II molecules in T-cell cloning and application of

T-cell cloning in vaccine development. Immunity to viruses, bacteria and parasites. Genetic control of Immune

response. MHC associated pre-disposition, diseases. Infectious diseases– Leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria, filariasis,

amoebiasis, rabies, typhoid, hepatitis and AIDS. Principles and strategy for developing vaccines, immuno diagnosis

of infectious diseases.

UNIT 5: MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY

Ultrastructure and functions of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. Principles and structure and

applications of microscopes. Classification of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. Molecular taxonomy and

current methods of microbial identification for systematic studies. Biology of Echerichia coli, Bacillus substilis, Bacillus

thuringiensis, Stretomyces sp., Rhizobium sp., Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Saccharomyces cervisiae, Aspergillusnidulans,

archaeobacteria and bacteriophages. Food and diary microbes, Classification of foods, Contamination, preservation

and spoilage of foods, Food borne diseases, Plant microbes interactions–Rhizobium and Mycorrhizae. Human

pathogens, nosocomial infections, disinfectants and antibiotics. Biofermentor-upstream and downstream processing.

Products of industrial microbiology.

UNIT 6: ENZYMOLOGY AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY

Enzyme classification and nomenclature, General properties of enzymes like effect of pH, temp, ions etc. Extraction,

assay and purification of enzymes. Steady state kinetics. Michaelis–Menten, Lineweaver-Burke, Eadie-hofstee and

Hanes-Woolf equations and Km value. Enzyme inhibitors, Pre-steady state kinetics. Fast kinetics to elucidate the

intermediates and rate limiting steps (Flow and Relaxation methods). Enzyme specificity. Evidences for enzyme

substrate complex. Nucleophilic and electrophilic attack. Role of metal ions in enzyme catalysis. Mechanism of

enzyme action eg. Lysozyme, chymotrypsin, DNA polymerases, RNase, Zymogens and enzyme activation. Allosteric

interactions and product inhibition; complex kinetics and analyses, Membrane bound enzymes – Extraction, assay

lipid protein interaction and effect of fluidity on enzyme activity. Coenzyme; Clinical and Industrial applications of

enzymes. Immobilization of enzymes and their application. Ribozymes and their applications. Enzyme engineering.

UNIT 7: PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Plant genome organization, structural features of a representative plant gene, gene families in plants. Organization

of chloroplast genome, nucleus – encoded and chloroplast encoded genes for chloroplast proteins, targeting of

proteins to chloroplast. Organization of mitochondrial genome, nuclear and mitochondria – encoded genes for

mitochondrial proteins. RNA editing in plant mitochondria, mitochondrial genome and cytoplasmic male sterility.

Seed storage proteins. Regulation of gene expression in plant development. Plant hormones and phytochrome.

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes by rhizobia – biochemistry and molecular biology. Agrobacterium and crown

gall tumours. Mechanism of T-DNA transfer to plants. Ti plasmid vectors for plant transformation. Agroinfection.

Classification and molecular biology of plant viruses. Molecular biology of plant stress response. Genetic engineering

in plants, selectable markers, reporter genes and promoters used in plant vectors. Direct transformation of plants

by physical methods. Genetic engineering of plants for virus resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, delay

of fruit ripening. Golden rice. Antibody production in plants. Plant genetic engineering for resistance to fungi and

bacteria. Production of antibodies, viral antigens and peptide hormones in plants. Gene silencing in transgenic plants,

DNA markers in marker-assisted selection and plant breeding. Management aspects of plant genetic engineering.

Tagging, mapping and cloning of plant genes. Molecular biology of plant pathogen interactions. Plant tissue culture

techniques. Introduction, Principles and importance Intellectual property rights: Patenting.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT 8: ANIMAL CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Basic principles of biotechnology applicable to animal science. Artificial insemination.

Development and use of transgenic animals – Retroviral vector method, DNA micro injection method and

engineered embryonic stem cell method. Transgenic animals sheeps, goats, pigs, birds, fish, Transformation

of animal cells – in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Cloning vectors – Plasmid vectors, lambda vectors,

cosmid vectors, phagemid vectors, BAC, PAC vectors, Plant and animal viruses as vectors. YAC vectors,

MAC vectors. Expression vectors - Expression cassettes, baculovirus and expression vectors system for insect

cells, virus expression vectors for mammalian cells. Baculovirus as biocontrol agents, Baculo virus for expression

of foreign genes. Molecular diagnosis immunological diagnosis – ELISA, use of antibodies as immune therapeutic

agents. DNA finger printing and characterization of animal cell. DNA Diagnosis – use of nucleic acid probes in

Diagnosis. Gene therapy. Signal transduction and production of recombinant proteins: Acetylcholine, G-protein,

visual pigments, growth factor receptors, steroid receptors, AIDS, Oncogenes and anti oncogenes, production

of recombinant proteins – vaccines, blood products, hormones, regulatory proteins, phage display technology.

Human genome mapping, Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and its application, Ethical issues

in Animal Biotechnology – CPCSEA and IAEC guidelines, management aspects of biotechnology and genetic

engineering. Gene therapy. Application of engineered cell lines -recombinant glycoprotein heterogeneity.

UNIT 9: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND BIO-INFORMATICS

Introduction to rDNA technology: DNA modifying enzymes and their uses, Restriction enzymes – Discovery,

types, use of type II restriction enzymes. Elucidation of restriction site, Restriction mapping. DNA polymerases –

Klenow, DNA polymerase I, Thermostable DNA Polymerase δ used in PCR. T4/T7 DNA polynucleotide kinases

and alkaline phosphatases. RNA polymerases, ligases, nucleases – DNAse I, SI Nuclease. Cloning vectors and

their applications: vectors for gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Bacteriophage vectors – Lambda and

M13 virus based vectors, cosmids, phagmids, yeast vectors, Expression vectors, vector facilitating protein purification,

Shuttle vectors. Artificial chromosomes – BAC, YAC, HAC. Inteins (Protein introns) Exteins. DNA cloning – sticky

ends, blunt ends, homopolymeric tailing use of adaptors and linkers. PCR based cloning. Preparation of radio

labeled/ fluorescent labeled DNA & RNA probes. Chemical synthesis of oligo nucleotides. Blotting & hybridization

techniques. Screening of recombinants, alpha complementation and Blue White selection. DNA sequencing – Maxam

and Gilbert, Sanger methods, short gun sequencing Automated DNA sequencing. PCR technology – concept, types

primer design, analysis of products and applications. DNA finger printing. Chromosome jumping, chromosome

walking. Site – directed mutagenesis. Strategies for the production of recombinant proteins – insulin, human growth

hormone, industrially important proteins. Construction of genomic DNA library and cDNA library.

Bioinformatics Introduction to bioinformatics – Definitions and basic concepts – Genome projects. Biological

data complexity – The role of bioinformatics. Biological database – Sequence databases - Sequence assembly –

Submission of sequences – Sequence formats – Conversion between formats – Database browsers and Search

engines. Sequence Alignment – Pair wise comparison – Sequence comparison scoring systems – Sequence

similarity searching algorithms (BLAST & FASTA family of programs) – Similarity searching scores and their statistical

interpretation. Sequence Analysis – Nucleic acid sequence analysis – Reading frames; Codon Usage analysis;

Translational and transcriptional signals – Protein sequence analysis – Compositional analysis; Hydrophobicity profiles;

Amphiphilicity detection; Introduction to secondary structure prediction methods. Multiple Sequence alignment –

Methods available – Iterative alignment, Progressive alignment – Clustal W, T-Coffee – Profile Methods – Clustering

and Phylogeny–Methods for Phylogeny analysis: Distance and Character based methods.

UNIT 10: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotools for environmental monitoring. Role of biotechnology in environmental protection. Waste water treatment.

microbial system in waste water stabilization. biofilms. immobilization technology. oil degradation. Biodecolourization.

reed bed technology. Rhizosphere engineering-biofiltration and bioindicators. Biodegradation of agrochemicals and

other organic compounds. Biotransformation of xenobiotic compound - Role of GEMS in degradation of xenobiotics,

bioscrubbers-Biomining of metals- Biopulping. Biodegradable plastics-biotechnology of microbial composting. Biofertilizers,

Biopesticides. Bioindicators-biomarkers, biosensors biofilms, biofouling, biomonitoring–polluted environment–short term

and long term monitoring remediated sites.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No:02

SUBJECT: BIO CHEMISTRY

SYLLABUS

UNIT: 1

CELL–COMPONENTS,GENETICS AND BIOMOLECULES

Molecular organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Structure and functions of sub cellular organelles

including cytoskeleton. Types of Tissue, Types of adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix, Types of junctions.

Cell cycle and regulations- check points.

Genetics–phenotype, genotype, heterozygous, homozygous, allele (dominant, recessive, wild-type, mutant),

character, gene, gene locus, pure line, hybrid. Mendel’s laws. Monohybrid cross, multiple alleles, dihybrid cross,

test cross, back cross, epistasis. Chromosome structure. Polytene and lamp brush chromosomes. Types of

chromosomes, Karyotyping. Variation in chromosome number (euploidy, aneuploidy), arrangement (translocation,

inversion), number of segments (deletion, duplication). Population genetics - The Hardy-Weinberg law

Carbohydrates: Sources, Structure, Classification, Properties and Biological roles of Simple sugars, Disaccharides,

Homo and Hetero polysaccharides.

Amino Acids and Proteins: Structure, Classification, Properties and Biological roles of amino acids and

proteins. Different structural organization of proteins.

Nucleic Acids: Structure, Classification, Properties and Biological roles of DNA and RNA. Chargaff’s rule,

Watson – crick model, bonds involved in nucleic acid.

Fatty acids and Lipids: Structure, Classification, Properties and Biological roles of Fatty acid and Lipids.

Bioenergetics: Bioenergetics Thermodynamics and biochemical equilibria – laws of thermodynamics, free

energy, ΔG–Endergonic and exergonic reactions High energy phosphates. Components of Electron Transport

chain, Mechanism of ATP synthesis; Oxidative phosphorylation – the chemiosmotic theory. Uncoupling of oxidative

phosphorylation. Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial transport systems,

ATP/ADP exchange, malate/glycerol phosphate shuttle.

UNIT : 2

BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Concentration Expression: Normality, Molarity, Molality and milliosmol. pH, pOH, Henderson – Hesselbalch

equation, buffers, pH of body fluids, Viscosity, surface tension and Donnan membrane equilibrium.

Chromatographic Techniques: Principles and Applications of Paper, Column, TLC, Adsorption, Ion exchanges,

Gel filtration, Affinity, Analytical Ultracentrifugation, GLC, HPLC and FPLC.

Electrophoretic Techniques: Principles and Applications of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE,

2D–PAGE, Isoelectric focusing, Agarose gel Electrophoresis, pulse field electrophoresis, high voltage electrophoresis,

Capillary Electrophoresis, Isotachophoresis, RFLP, FISH. Blotting techniques and its applications.

Spectroscopic and Radio isotope techniques: Colorimetry, spectrophotometry – UV & visible, Principle –

Beer & Lambert’s law. Principle and applications of AAS and Fluorimetry. Basic principle and application of mass

spectra, NMR, ESR, CD, MRI and CT scans and Biochips. Geiger Muller counters, scintillation counting, auto

radiography and RIA, Application of isotopes in biological studies. Circular dichroism and XRD.

Microscopy: Principles and application of light, phase contrast, Fluorescence, scanning and Transmission

electron microscopy.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Immuno-Molecular techniques: Antibody generation, detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, Western

blot, immuno precipitations. Isolation and purifications of RNA, DNA (Genomic and plasmid) and proteins.

Isolation and separation and analysis of carbohydrates and lipid molecules RLFP, RAPD, AFLP techniques.

UNIT : 3

ENZYMES AND METABOLIC REGULATION

Nomenclature and properties: Nomenclature and IUB system of enzyme classification. Active site–Fischer and

Koshland models. Formation of enzyme substrate complex evidence.

Enzyme kinetics: Kinetics of single substrate enzyme catalysed reaction–Michaelis- Menten (Briggs - Haldane)

equation, Double-Reciprocal Plot, Lineweaver Burk plot, Eadie- Hofstee and Hanes-Wolf plots. Determination of Vmax,

Km, Kcat, Specificity constant (Kcat/Km) and their significance. Factors influencing enzymatic activity, Arrhenius plot.

Enzyme inhibition: Reversible and Irreversible inhibition–Competitive, Non-competitive and mixed inhibition.

Substrate inhibition and Feedback inhibition. Applications of enzyme inhibitors. Mechanism of enzyme

action-Lysozyme, Carboxypeptidase, Chymotrypsin and Ribonuclease.

Co-enzymes: Structure and functions – Pyridine and flavin nucleotides, coenzyme A, Pyridoxal phosphate and

thiamine pyrophosphate, tetrahydrofolate and B12 coenzymes. Allosteric Interactions: Enzyme regulation, allosteric

enzymes. Enzyme repression and covalent modification of enzymes. Zymogen activation and Isozymes.

Multi enzyme system: Multi functional enzymes. Multi-enzyme complexes (Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,

fatty acid synthase and Na–K ATPase) and Metalloenzymes, abzymes, Immobilised enzymes and their industrial

applications. Enzymes–food and pharmaceutical enzymes and Biosensors.

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Pathway, regulation and energetic. Blood glucose homeostasis – role of tissues

and hormones.

Amino acid metabolism: Biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids and their regulation. Transamination

and Deamination, ammonia formation, Urea cycle and regulation of ureogenesis.

Lipids metabolism: Lipogenesis and regulations. Cholesterol–biosynthesis and regulations. Free Fatty

acid and derivatives metabolism and regulations (All types of Oxidations). Ketogenesis and its control.

Lipoprotein metabolism–exogenous and endogenous pathways.

Nucleic acid metabolism: Biosynthesis and catabolism of purines and pyrimidines and their regulation.

UNIT : 4

CLINICAL BIO-CHEMISTRY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY

Biological fluid: Blood, Urine, CSF and Amniotic fluid. Composition and Clinical Diagnostic significance.

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Hyper and Hypoglycemia, Types of Diabetes Millites, Carbohydrate

intolerance. Glycogen storage disorders, Pentosuria and galactosemia.

Disorder of protein metabolism: Agammaglobulinemia, Alpha – fetoprotein, Amyloidosis. Cryoglobulinemia.

Hypo and hyper gamma – globulinemia. Abnormalities in Nitrogen Metabolism, porphyrias and porphyrinuria.

Disorders of lipids: Plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglycerides & phospholipids in health and disease.

Fatty liver, Hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, Major Cardiovascular diseases – Atherosclerosis and pathogenesis.

Inborn error of metabolic inheritance: Phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, albinism, tyrosinosis, maple syrup urine

disease, Leish – Nyhan syndrome, Histidinemia, Gaucher's disease, Tay – sachs and Niemann – Pick disease.

Sickle cell anemia and Thalassemia.

Disorders of liver and kidney: Hepatobiliary system–Liver function tests–jaundice–cirrhosis, Drug toxicity, hepatic

coma, hepatitis, gallstones, cholecystitis and tumours. Renal function tests–acute and chronic renal failure–clearance

tests–urinary calculi, renal hypertension–principles of peritoneal and hemodialysis. Nephritic syndrome.

Disorders of Endocrine system: Endocrine system: Laboratory diagnosis and investigations related to disorders

of thyroid, pituitary, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, testes, ovaries–assay of hormones related to clinical diagnosis.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT: 5

MICROBIAL AND PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY

Growth and Staining: Structure of bacteria, fungi and algae. Microbial growth: physical and chemical

requirements for growth, culture media, mixed and pure cultures, phases of growth, measurements of microbial

growth. Sterilization and Staining techniques.

Soil Microbiology: Different soil microbes. Biogeocycle – carbon, Nitrogen and sulphur cycles.

Aquatic Microbiology: Freshwater microbial flora, effects of pollution, chemical pollution - test for water purity,

salinity, BOD, COD, Microbial load. Water treatment–Sewage treatment- primary, secondary treatment – sludge

digestion.

Food Microbiology: Microbial spoilage – Fresh food, milk and canned food. Food preservation – temperature,

canning, pasteurization and sterilization methods in food industry.

Mycotoxicosis: Mycotoxins of food contaminants like A.flavus, P.rubrum, P.citrinum and A.canidus and

stachybotrayacitra.

Photosynthesis: Chloroplast structure and function – CO2 fixation by C3, C4 and CAM plants. Hill’s reaction,

Photorespiration, Photophospharylation. Nitrogen metabolism. Trace elements in plant nutrition. Translocation of

Organic and Inorganic substances. Plant pigments–isoprenoids, anthocyanina and secondary metabolites.

Seed Germination and Phytohormones: Germination changes in composition and enzyme activities in seed,

factors affecting germination and vernalisation. Structure and functions of plant hormones–Auxins, gibberellins and

absicic acid.

Plant pathogens: common plant pathogens of interest of India, portals of entry, transmission of plant pathogen

by vector. Plant diseases caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses, Defensive mechanism including resistance to

infections.

UNIT : 6

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND NEUROCHEMISTRY

Homoestasis: water, temperature regulations.

Gastro Intestinal Physiology: Digestive secretions and composition, assimilation of carbohydrate, protein, lipid

and nucleic acid.

Circulatory system: Elementary principles of circulation, vasomotor circulation, blood pressure and structure

of heart. Cardiac cycle, rhythum, tachycardia. ECG and EEG.

Renal Physiology: Structure of kidney and Nephron. Urine formation and regulations. Renal role in acid base

balance, mechanism and regulation of miturition. Normal and abnormal constituents in urine.

Special Senses: vision and hearing.

Structure of Brain, Neuron and spinal cord. Central and peripheral nervous system, neural control of muscle

tone and posture. Reflex arc. Sleeping and awakening.

Action potential: Neurotransmitters–examples, release and cycling of neurotransmitters. The neuromuscular

junction. The acetylcholine receptor.

Structure of skeletal muscle: Muscle proteins–myosin, actin, troponin and tropomyosin and other

proteins. Sequence of events in contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. Cardiac and smooth muscle

(Brief account only).

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT: 7

IMMUNO MOLECULAR CHEMISTRY

Immunoglobulins: Types of immunity-Innate and Adaptive. Humoral and cell mediated immunity. Central and

peripheral lymphoid organs. Antigens, Immunoglobulin classifications. Haptens, adjuvants and abzymes. T and B

Lymphocytes and their characterization; mono-clonal antibodies. Type of Immune cells.

Complement pathways: Complement system: components of complement activation and its biological

consequences – classical, alternative and lectin pathways. Clonal selection theory. Organization and expression

of immunoglobulin genes, generation of antibody diversity. Class switching.

Overview of B cell & T cell, types of immune response, T–cell, B-cell receptors, Antigen recognition – processing

and presentation to T- cells. Interaction of T and B cells. Effector mechanisms – macrophage activation. Cell

mediated cytotoxicity, Cytokines types, regulation of immune response: immune tolerance and immune suppression.

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC): MHC genes and products. Polymorphism of MHC genes, role of

MHC antigen in immune response, Transplantation types, allograft rejection mechanism. Immune response to Viral,

bacterial and protozoal. AIDS, Immuno suppressive therapy, Tumorantigens, Proto-Oncogene and other immuno

deficiency disorders. Autoimmunity: Mechanism of induction of organ specific and systemic autoimmune diseases.

Hyper sensitivity reactions. Vaccines-Immunisation practices – active and passive immunization, types of vaccines-

toxoids, DNA, recombinant, synthetic peptides.

UNIT: 8

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALLING

Central dogma of life: DNA as the genetic material, super coiling, hybridization. Hierarchy of Chromatin

Organisation, Central Dogma, Unique sequence DNA, Repetitive DNA – SINEs, LINEs, Satellite, Minisatellite and

Microsatellite DNAs, C Value Paradox. E.Coli Chromosome and plasmids, Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genomes.

Concept of genes. Structure of Protein-coding genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

DNA Replication: Mode of replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Enzymes involved in replication and

regulations of replication.

Repair and Mutation: Type of damages and mutation.

Transcription: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. RNA polymerases – structure and functions. Promoters,

transcription factors, initiation, elongation and termination of transcription. Post transcriptional modification of RNA.

Genetic code–specificity, redundancy and wobble hypothesis. Mitochondrial and chloroplast genetic codons.

Translation: Components of protein synthesis – mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Mechanism of protein synthesis.

Regulation and Post translational modifications.

Gene expression and regulation: Gene regulations. Lac, Arb and Trp Operon model. Levels of gene expression.

Principles of gene regulation. Genetic and epigenetic gene regulation by DNA methylation. Methylation and gene

regulation in mammals and plants.

Cell signaling: Fundamental concepts and general features of cell signalling. Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

and juxtacrine signaling. Types of receptors. Transmembrane, nuclear and cytosolic receptors. G-protein coupled

receptors. Second messengers: c-AMP, cGMP, diacylglycerol, inositol triphosphate and Ca2+. Receptor tyrosine

kinases–insulin signalling, ras-raf-MAP kinase and JAK-STAT pathways. ATM signalling pathway.

UNIT : 9

BIOSTATISTICS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Statistical analysis: Measure of central tendency and dispersal; sampling distribution, probability distribution,

level of significance, t-test, analysis of variance; regression and correlation.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Environmental pollution: types, methods for measurement, biosensors to detect environmental pollutants,

hazards from wastes and pollutants. Air pollution and its control through biotechnology. Water pollution and control.

Waste water treatment: physical, chemical and biological. Activated sludge–oxidation ditches and ponds, trickling

filter, towers, rotating discs and drums. Anaerobic processes: anaerobic digestion and filters. Effluent treatment,

B.O.D and C.O.D

Effluent treatment: Bioremediation, oil spill cleanup. Microbial mining. Biofertilizers bacteria, and blue green

algae. Biopesticides in integrated pest management- Bacillus and Pseudomonas as biocontrol agents.

Single cell protein: microorganisms and steps in SCP production, biomass recovery, nutritional and safety

evaluation, advantages.

Nutritional Biochemistry: Definition of BMR, SDA, Factors affecting BMR. Regulation of body temperature.

Total energy requirement, estimation of energy requirement, energy value of food. Requirements of Carbohydrates

and Lipids. Special aspects of Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation.

Protein energy malnutrition: clinical features, metabolic disorders and management of marasmus and

kwashiorkor diseases: Basic food groups-Energy yielding, Body building, protective foods. Food production, Food

storage, Functional foods, New protein and Fat foods, Changing food habits, Food adulteration and hygiene.

Improvement of protein quality by supplementation and fortification. Nitrogen balance–positive and negative.

Micro and macro mineral nutrients: Distribution sources, metabolic functions and deficiency manifestations

– Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Copper, Selenium and Zinc. Role of Vitamin as Antioxidant.

Special needs of Infants, children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, convalescents and old persons.

UNIT :10

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

Bioprocess engineering: Isolation and screening of industrially important microbes. Maintenance and improvement

of strains. Bioreactors–types, design, parts and their function. Media for industrial fermentation, air and media

sterilization. Antifoaming devices.

Types of fermentation processes: Analysis of batch, fed-batch and continuous bioreactions, analysis of mixed

microbial population, specialized bioreactors (pulsed, fluidized, photobioreactors).

Downstream processing: solid-liquid separation, release of intracellular compartments, concentration of biological

products, purification, preservation and stabilization, product formulation. Monitoring.

Bioreactors: DNA fingerprinting and foot printing with its applications. Bacterial leaching and biomining.

Bioreactors–Design and types of fermentors, batch and continuous bioreactors. Downstream processing.

Bioethics–Ethical issues in production of genetically engineered foods and transgenic plants and animals.

Immuno supressive therapy. Tumor antigens. Proto - Oncogene.

Vectors: Restriction enzymes and their types, DNA ligases, Alkaline phosphatase. Plasmids–pBR322 and pUC,

Phage vectors–λ and M13, Cosmids and High capacity cloning vectors–YAC, PAC and BAC. Shuttle vectors.

Genomic DNA library, cDNA synthesis and cloning, Chromosome walking.

Gene transfer methods (All methods): in plants and animals. Anti-sense RNA technology and applications.

PCR technology. Animal cell culture – Methods and Applications. Gene therapy. Principles and applications of

stem-cell technology. Production of Insulin, Vaccines, Antibodies, Interferons and Somatostatin.

Industrial biotechnology: Industrial production of ethanol, lactic acid, butanol, penicillin and phenylalanine.

Commercial production of fructose. Solvents, organic acids, amino acids and vitamins. Introduction to

synthetic biology.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No: 03

SUBJECT: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE EDUCATION

SYLLABUS

UNIT 1: Zoology–ANIMAL PHYLOGENY – EMBRYOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY

•

Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature.

•

Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms. Levels of organization of tissues, organs and systems. Organization

of Coelom, Symmetry and Metamerism.

•

Protozoa: Human Parasitic Protozoanas – Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium vivax, Canal systems

in Porifera, Polymorphism and Metagenesis in Coelentrates, Types of Corals and Coral reefs, Human Parasitic

Helmith worms – Liverfluke and Ascatis, Adaptive Radiation in Polychaetes.

•

Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in

sperm-egg recognition in animals, embryo sac development and zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation,

embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers and embryogenesis.

•

Human Reproduction: Reproductive organs, Menstrual cycle, Human Fertilisation process, infertility and

assisted reproductive technology, Birth control methods. Twins, Human Syndromes

UNIT 2: CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS

•

Cellular communication: General principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion

molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix and integrins.

•

Cell signaling Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled

receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways.

•

Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and cell

cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, therapeutic interventions of

uncontrolled cell growth.

•

Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds. Structure of water molecule.

•

Composition, structure and function of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins.

•

Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids nucleotides and vitamins.

UNIT 3: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY – ECOLOGY – GENETICS

•

Digestive system: Nutrients – Vitamins and Minerals. Balance Diet, BMR, Digestion and absorption.

•

Blood and circulation: Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma function, blood volume,

blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin, immunity and haemostasis.

•

Cardiovascular System: Structure of Human Heart, myogenic heart, specialized tissue, ECG – its principle

and significance, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood pressure, neural and chemical regulation. Blood vessels

– Arteries, Veins and Lymphatic vessels.

•

Respiratory system: Respiratory Structure – Insects, Fish and Human beings, respiratory pigments, Comparison

of respiration in different species, transport of gases, exchange of gases, neural and chemical regulation of

respiration.

•

Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy

and their genetic implications.

•

Pollution: definition, types, sources, effects. Global warming, climate change, glacial melting and rising sea

levels, floods, droughts and desertification, Creating buffer zones, sustainable development, carbon sequestration,

carbon sink, carbon foot print, carbon credit, carbon trading and carbon budget.

•

Biodegradation and Bioremediation.

•

Electrophysiological methods: Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brain activity recording,

lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI and CAT.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT 4: BOTANY–GENERAL BOTANY

•

Biodiversity: Introduction Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi. Food

Microbiology: Beneficial role of microbes – Fermented food. Spoilage of fruits, vegetables, meats, poultry, eggs,

bakery products, dairy products and canned foods. Microbial toxins. Food Preservation.

•

Soil Microbiology: Importance of Microbial flora of soil and factors affecting the microbial community in soil.

Microorganisms in organic matter decomposition.

•

Environmental Microbiology: Microbiology of water and air. Water borne diseases -. Air borne

diseases–Microbial degradation of chemical pesticides and hydrocarbon.

•

ETHNOBOTANY: History of ethnobotany, Distribution of tribes in India. Role of plants in naturopathy-Indian

Systems of Medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha, Allopathy, Homeopathy, Unani, Tibetan, Yoga and Naturopathy). Disease

diagnosis, treatment, and cure using natural Bioprospecting of drug molecules derived from Indian traditional plants;

Methods for bioprospecting of natural resources.

•

Economic Botany. Source and processing of Economically useful products of the following:

1) Cereals-Rice, maize 2) Pulses–Black gram, soybean 3) Sugarcane 4) Coffee 5) Spices – turmeric, cloves

6) Medicinal plants–Ocimum, Aloe 7) Fibre–Cotton, Jute 8) Essential oils – Eucalyptus.

UNIT 5: Biochemistry and secondary metabolites, Instrumentation and Biostatistics, Molecular Biology, Intellectual

Property Rights, Environmental Biology

•

Biochemistry: Structure of atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds. Composition, structure, and function of

biomolecules–carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins. Principles of biophysical chemistry–pH,

buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative properties. Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino

acids nucleotides, and vitamins.

•

Secondary metabolites: Types and their roles, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes, phenols, tannins,

coumarins, glycosides, nitrogenous compounds. Microscopy–simple, compound, binocular, phase contrast, interference,

polarizing, dark field, ultraviolet, fluorescent microscopes. Electron microscope – SEM, TEM. Micrometry, haemocytometer.

Buffer (phosphate, acetate buffer), pH, Principles and applications of–pH meter – electrode, digital, oxygen electrode,

cell fractionation, homogenizers, sonication. Chromatography – principle, paper, thin layer, column chromatography,

HPLC, Ion exchange chromatography, gas chromatography. Electrophoresis – poly acrylamide–PAGE, SDS–agarose.

Spectrophotometer, fluorimeter, luminometer – principle, working mechanism and its application.

Biostatistics: Statistical Methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (Binomial,

Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between parametric and non- parametric statistics; Confidence

Interval; Errors; Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation; t-test; Analysis of variance; X2 test; Basic

introduction to Multivariate statistics, etc.

DNA–genetic material – Experiments that proved that DNA is the genetic material, Chargaff’s rule. Genetic code.

Intellectual Property Rights: Intellectual Property Rights–Introduction, Kinds of Intellectual Property Rights–Patents,

Trademarks, Copyrights, Trade Secrets.IPR in India genesis and development. Geographical Indication – introduction,

types. Patent filing procedure for ordinary application. Ecosystem structure and function; energy flow and mineral

cycling (C, N, P): terrestrial and aquatic.Energy resources; renewable and non-renewable. Environment Deterioration:

Pollution – types and control-Climate change-Green house effect and global warming, ozone depletion and acid rain.

Unit 6 : Foundations of Education

Philosophical Perspectives: Idealism, Naturalism, Pragmatism, Progressivism, Existentialism, Humanism, Realism,

Eclecticism – Philosophers and their contributions: Western Philosophers: Rousseau, Froebel, Maria Montessori,

Pestalozzi, Bertrand Russell, John Dewey – Indian Philosophers: Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore,

Swami Vivekananda, J.Krishnamurti, Aurobindo – Development of Indian Education during Pre-Independence,

Post-Independence, Modern era–Important Education Committees – Recommendations of National Education Policies,

National Curriculum Frameworks. Sociological Perspectives: Concepts of Special and Inclusive Education, Women

Education, Population Education, Vocational Education, Environmental Education for sustainable development-UN

SDG goals, Human Rights: UN Declaration of Human Rights, Peace and Value Education – Indian Constitution:

Articles and Amendments related to Education–Culture and Communication in Education – Social issues: Measures

and Reforms – Social Structure, Socialization process – Social stratification – Indigenous Value systems – History

and Culture of Tamil Nadu: Social Equality, Language, Culture and Politics.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Unit 7 : Educational Psychology

Educational Psychology – Cognitive, Humanistic, Behavioural and Transpersonal school of thoughts –

Role of heredity and environment – Dimensions of Development: Physical, Cognitive, Psycho-Social, Moral,

Behavioural, Language – Theories of Development: Piaget, Bruner, Kohlberg, Erickson, Vygotsky, Noam Chomsky,

Watson–Developmental tasks – Sensation and Perception–Factors of learning: Attention, Interest, Aspiration,

Motivation and its types, Motivational Theories: Maslow, McDougall’s, McClelland – Learning, Factors of Learning,

Theories: Trial & Error, Operant and Classical Conditioning, Insight and Gestalt – Intelligence: Theories – Single-

Factor, Two-Factor, Triarchic, Group and Multi-factor theory, Guilford’s Structure of Intellect, Gardner’s Multiple

Intelligence theory, Factor Personality: Type and Trait theories – Personality Assessment methods and techniques

– Educational Implications of Learning, Intelligence and Personality theories – Mental Health, Adjustment and

Defence mechanisms – Concepts of Guidance and Counselling.

Unit 8: Pedagogical approaches

Nature, Scope, Aims and Objectives, Values of Teaching the subject, Inter-disciplinary aspects, Taxonomy of

Educational Objectives: Bloom’s, Anderson’s, RCEM, NCERT –Micro-teaching: Skills and Components, Micro Cycle,

Link Lesson–Planning of the lesson: Curricular Plan, Unit Plan and Lesson Plan, General and Specific Instructional

objectives, Action verbs – Methods of Teaching: Traditional and Modern Methods – Techniques of Teaching: Small

and Large Group Techniques – Models of Teaching: Concept attainment, Advanced Organizers, Inquiry Training,

Information Processing, Personalized Model – Resources for Teaching-Learning: Text Books, Laboratory, Library,

E-resources and Field-trips – Flander’s Classroom Interaction Analysis – Dale’s Cone of Experience – Educational

Technology and ICT Resources in Teaching-Learning: Blended Learning, Simulation, Augmented Reality, Virtual

Learning – Digital Resources – Assessment and Evaluation: Types of Tests, Steps in construction of an achievement

test – Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation – Analysis and Interpretation of test scores.

Unit 9 : Curriculum Components and Teacher Education

Curriculum – Principles, Bases of Curriculum: Philosophical, Psychological and Sociological, Criteria of selection

of content – Types: Subject, Learner, Community and Activity centred curriculum – Concepts of core and hidden

curriculum – Curriculum Organization: Articulation, Balance and Continuity – Approaches: Concentric, Spiral, Topical,

Logical, Vertical and Horizontal – Curricular

Materials – Role of NCERT and SCERT in curriculum planning – Stakeholders contribution and participation

in the curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities – Curriculum Evaluation and Theories: Tyler’s model,

Hilda Taba model, Beauchamp’s model, D.K.Wheeler’s model, Virgil V. Herrick model.

Teacher Education – National Council for Teacher Education: Functions–Teacher Education systems and Programmes:

Pre-service and In-service – Integrated Teacher Education Programmes–Concept of Teaching Profession;–Changing

roles and responsibilities – Continuous Professional development and Professional ethics–National Professional

Standards for Teachers – Teacher Appraisal and accountability – Significance of Teachers In-service education

and training–Research and innovations in Teacher education, NAAC’s Assessment and Accreditation process –

Autonomy in Education: Institutional, Administrative and Teacher autonomy –Teacher Eligibility Tests – Concepts

of Andragogy – Life-long and continuing education.

Unit 10: Research Methodology and Statistics

Research – Types of Research: Basic, Applied and Action Research, Sources of Selecting Research Problem,

Importance of Review of Literature, Hypothesis, Variables, Sampling Techniques: Probability and Non-Probability

techniques, Steps in writing research proposal and research report – Academic and Research Writing – Experimental

Research Designs: Pre-Experimental, True and Quasi Designs – Factors affecting internal and external validity of

experimental research, Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Research Methods–Research Tools: Likert and Thurstone,

Personality, Interest and Intelligence test, Item and Factor analysis – Characteristics of Research tools – Statistical

Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Analysis, Hypothesis testing: Type I and Type II errors, Level of Significance,

Graphical Representation of Data – Issues related to plagiarism–Research Ethics and Integrity.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No : 04

SUBJECT: BOTANY/ PLANT BIOLOGY AND

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

SYLLABUS

UNIT-1 Biodiversity

Algae: General characters and Classification of algae by F.E.Fritsch (1935-45) & Silva (1982). Salient features of

major classes: Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.

Range of thallus organization, reproduction and life cycles. Economic importance of algae.

Bryophytes: General characters and Classification of Bryophytes by Watson (1971). Distribution, Structural

variations and evolution of gametophytes and sporophytes in Hepaticopsida, Anthoceropsida and Bryopsida.

Economic importance of bryophytes.

Pteridophytes: General characteristics and classification of Pteridophytes (Reimer, 1954). Stellar evolution.

Heterospory and seed habit, Telome theory, Economic importance of Pteridophytes. General characters and life

cycle of Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, Pteropsida.

Gymnosperms: General characters of Gymnosperms. classification (K.R.Sporne, 1965). Economic importance

of Gymnosperms. General characters of major groups: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta.

Fossil gymnosperms.

UNIT-2 Microbiology

Bacteria: General characters of bacteria – Outline classification–Bacterial growth – Reproduction–Genetic

recombination- Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation. Isolation and cultivation of bacteria.

Viruses: General characters, Classification, Structure, Multiplication. Bacteriophages–replication of DNA and RNA

phages - Lytic and Lysogenic cycle. Viroids and prions. Mycoplasma.

Fungi: General Characters, occurrence and distribution. Mode of nutrition in fungi. Classification of Fungi by

Alexopoulos and Mims (1979). General characters of major classes: Myxomycetes, Oomycetes, Zygomycetes,

Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Heterothallism, sexuality, Para sexuality, sex hormones in fungi.

Lichens: Introduction and Classification (Hale, 1969). Occurrence and inter-relationship of phycobionts and

mycobionts, structure and reproduction in Ascolichens, Basidiolichens and Deuterolichens. Economic importance.

Plant Pathology: History and significance of plant pathology. Classification of plant diseases, symptomology.

Principles of plant infection – Host parasite interrelationship and interaction. Causal agents of plant diseases–biotic

causes (fungi, bacteria, virus, mycoplasma, nematodes, parasitic algae, angiospermic parasites–Abiotic causes

(Physiological, deficiency of nutrients & minerals and pollution). Mechanism of penetration- Disease development

of pathogen (colonization) and dissemination of pathogens. Role of enzymes and toxins in disease development.

Defense mechanism of host–structural and biochemical defenses. Important diseases of crop plants in India –

Principles of disease management–Cultural practices, physical, chemical and biological methods, disease controlled

by immunization. Biocontrol–Plant quarantine and legislation. Integrated Pest Management system.

Food Microbiology: Beneficial role of microbes –Fermented food. Spoilage of fruits, vegetables, meats, poultry,

eggs, bakery products, dairy products and canned foods. Microbial toxins. Food Preservation – Soil Microbiology:

Importance of Microbial flora of soil and factors affecting the microbial community in soil. Microorganisms in organic

matter decomposition. Environmental Microbiology: Microbiology of water and air. Water borne diseases–Air borne

diseases–Microbial degradation of chemical pesticides and hydrocarbon.

UNIT-3 Morphology, Taxonomy, Ethno botany and Economic botany.

Morphology: Morphological variation of root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flowers and fruits.

Taxonomy: Principles of classification – Artificial – Linnaeus, Natural – Bentham and Hooker, Phylogenetic

system–Hutchinson, Modern – Takhtajan. Botanical gardens and Herbarium, Botanical survey of India.

Modern trends in taxonomy, chemotaxonomy, numerical taxonomy, biosystemics. ICBN uninominal

systems - genesis binomial nomenclature, importance and principle. Important articles, typification, principles of

priority, effective and valid publication, author citation, recommendations and amendments of code. Glossories and

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

dictionaries, Taxonomic literature (Index Kewensis). systematic analysis of plants of various families Polypetalae

– Annonaceae, Nympheaceae, Sterculiaceae, Portulaceae, Rhamnaceae, Vitaceae, Sapindaceae, Combretaceae,

Turneraceae. Gamopetalae – Sapotaceae, Oleaceae, Boraginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Bignoniaceae, Convolvulaceae,

Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae. Monochlamydeae – Nyctaginaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Casuarinaceae. Monocots –

Orchidaceae, Amarylidaceae, Lilliaceae, Poaceae.

ETHNOBOTANY:

History of ethnobotany: Distribution of tribes in India. Basic knowledge of following tribes of Tamil Nadu:

Irulas, Kanis, Paliyars Badagas, Kurumbres, Thodas and Malayalis. Plants used by tribals of Tamil Nadu. Role

of plants in naturopathy-Indian Systems of Medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha, Allopathy, Homeopathy, Unani, Tibetan,

Yoga and Naturopathy). Disease diagnosis, treatment, and cure using natural Bioprospecting of drug molecules

derived from Indian traditional plants; Methods for bio prospecting of natural resources; From folk Taxonomy to

species confirmation-evidences based on phylogenetic and metabolomics analyses; Ethnobotanical databases and

Traditional knowledge Digital Library (TKDL).

Economic Botany: Source and processing of Economically useful products of the following: 1) Cereals -Rice, maize

2) Pulses–Black gram, soybean 3) Sugarcane 4) Coffee 5) Spices – turmeric, cloves 6) Medicinal plants–Ocimum,

Aloe 7) Fibre–Cotton, Jute 8) Essential oils – Eucalyptus.

UNIT-4 PLANT ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

Cellwall, Plasmodesmata–types of pits Meristems: Simple and complex tissues. Vascular Cambium: Primary

and secondary xylem and Phloem: Periderm. Normal secondary thickening in Dicots; Anomalous secondary growth

in Dicots (Amaranthaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Nyctaginaceae) and arborescent Monocots. Primary

thickening in palms; Ontogeny of leaf, Structure and types of Stomata; Leaf abscission; Major nodal types; Kranz

anatomy and its significance. Micro techniques and histochemistry.

EMBRYOLOGY

Microsporangium and Male gametophyte: Structure and development of Anther; Male gametophyte; Palynology:

Morphology and ultrastructure of pollen wall, pollen sterility and pollen physiology.

Megasporangium and Female Gametophyte: Structure and development of Megasporangium; Types of ovules,

Endothelium, obturator and nucellus. Megasporogenesis: Female gametophyte: Structure, types, haustorial behavior

and Nutrition of embryo sacs. Fertilization: Endosperm: Embryogeny: Development of monocot (Grass) and

dicot (Crucifer) embryos. Polyembryony, Apomixis. Seed and Fruit development and role of growth substances.

Parthenocarpy.

UNIT–5 Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and secondary metabolites

Plant Physiology: Water Relations:–– Transpiration– mechanism of stomatal opening and closing – mineral

nutrition – Photosynthesis: light and dark reaction, C3 and C4 types, phloem loading and unloading-photorespiration-

respiration–Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETP–Cyanide resistant respiration; Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrogen fixation

(Biological–symbiotic and non-symbiotic), Physiology and Biochemistry of nitrogen fixation – enzymes and pathways.

Growth and development –- Plant growth regulators–Photoperiodism –– Vernalization–biological rhythms and

movements. Seed dormancy Plant senescence and its significance. Fruit ripening: Plant response to environmental

stress: Biotic and Abiotic stress.

Biochemistry: Structure of atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds. Composition, structure and function of

biomolecules–carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins. Principles of biophysical chemistry -pH,

buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative properties. Bioenergetics, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled

reaction, group transfer, biological energy transducers. Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme

regulation, mechanism of enzyme catalysis, isozymes.

Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains, motif, and folds).Conformation of

nucleic acids (helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA).Stability of proteins and nucleic acids. Metabolism of carbohydrates,

proteins, lipids, amino acids nucleotides and vitamins.

Secondary metabolites: Types and their roles, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes, phenols, tannins,

coumarins, glycosides, nitrogenous compounds.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Unit-6 Instrumentation and Biostatistics

Microscopy - simple, compound, binocular, phase contrast, interference, polarizing, dark field, ultraviolet,

fluorescent microscopes. Microtome and types. Electron microscope – SEM, TEM. Micrometry, haemo cytometer.

Buffer (phosphate, acetate buffer), pH, Principles and applications of–pH meter – electrode, digital, oxygen electrode,

cell fractionation, homogenizers, sonication. Centrifugation – principles and applications. Types of centrifuges.

Types of centrifugation methods (differential, density gradient). Chromatography–principle, paper, thin layer, column

chromatography, HPLC, Ion exchange chromatography, gas chromatography. Electrophoresis – polyacrylamide-PAGE,

SDS-agarose. Spectrophotometer, fluorimeter, luminometer – principle, working mechanism and its application.

Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immune precipitation, flow cytometry and immune

fluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as

FISH and GISH.

Biostatistics: Statistical Methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions

(Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between parametric and non- parametric statistics;

Confidence Interval; Errors; Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation; t-test; Analysis of variance; X2 test;

Basic introduction to Multivariate statistics, etc.

UNIT-7 Cellular Organization

Membrane structure and function: structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer, and membrane protein diffusion,

osmosis, ion channels, active transport; membrane pumps; mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular

transport; electrical properties of membranes. Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles - Cell

Wall, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Peroxisomes, Plastids, Vacuoles,

Chloroplast, structure & function of the cytoskeleton and its role in motility.

Organization of genes and chromosomes: Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene

families, the structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons.

Cell division and the cell cycle: mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, regulation of cell

cycle.

Microbial Physiology: Growth yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division.

UNIT-8 Genetics Plant Breeding and Horticulture

Genetics: Mendelian principles: Dominance, segregation, independent assortment. Extensions of Mendelian

principles: Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance

and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex- limited and sex influenced characters.

Sex determination in plants. Concept of gene: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudo allele, complementation tests.

Gene mapping methods: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers, mapping by using somatic

cell hybrids, development of mapping population in plants. Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements,

QTL mapping. karyotypes, genetic disorders. Extra chromosomal inheritance. Population genetics. Gene pool –

Hardy Wienberg equilibrium.

Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy and

their genetic implications.

Mutation: Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, a gain

of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis.

Plant Breeding

Objectives of plant breeding, Genetic basis of breeding self and cross – pollinated crops. pure line selection

and mass selection, clonal selection methods. Hybridization, Genetics and physiological basis of heterosis.

Polyploidy, mutation breeding. Seed certification, National Biodiversity Policy.

Horticulture: Organic manures and fertilizers. Composition of fertilizer, NPK content of various fertilizers.

Common organic manures. Vermicompost preparation. Panchakaviyam. Common garden tools. Methods of plant

propagation by seeds. Vegetative propagation. Use of growth regulators for rooting. Gardening–types of garden.

Rockery and artificial ponds. Ornamental garden – Bonsai – Glass house – Green house – Mist chamber.

Floriculture, arboriculture, silviculture, olericulture.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT-9 Molecular Biology, rDNA technology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics

DNA–genetic material – Experiments that proved that DNA is the genetic material, Chargaff’s rule. Genetic

code. DNA replication: enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, the fidelity of replication,

extra chromosomal replicons Central Dogma - RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery,

formation of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation, and

termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, and polyadenylation, structure and function of different types

of RNA, RNA transport.

Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation,

elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, amino acylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, amino acyl

tRNA synthetase and translational proof- reading, translational inhibitors, Post-translational modification of proteins.

DNA damage and repair mechanisms.

Gene regulation - Operon - types, structure and functioning of lac, trp operon, Control of gene expression at

transcription and translation level: Regulating the expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes,

the role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing. Cell communication and cell signaling.

rDNA technology: Recombinant DNA methods: Isolation and purification of RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid)

and proteins, different separation methods. Analysis of RNA, DNA and proteins by one and two-dimensional gel

electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing gels. Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic

systems Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors. Isolation of specific nucleic

acid sequences Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in a plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors.

Biotechnology:

Plant tissue culture -– Laboratory organization-Plant culture media–Micropropagation: callus culture – Organogenesis

and somatic embryogenesis–-Somaclonal & gametoclonal variation – synthetic seed technology-Cell and protoplast

cultures and haploid production: Single cell and cell suspension culture-Anther culture and pollen culture.

Immobilization: Bioreactors: Immobilized cells; Bioseparations: Downstream Processing. Important products

through fermentation, bakers yeast, biosurfactants, biopesticides, biopolymers. cryopreservation

Transgenic plants–Pest resistance, herbicidal resistance, Disease resistant, abiotic and biotic stress tolerant,

in improving crop yield, Virus and Bacteria based transient gene expression systems. Virus induced gene

complementation, Cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration, terminator Seed technology, antisense technology

for delayed fruit ripening, Plants as factories for useful products and pharmaceuticals. GMO-Bt plants, Flavr savr

tomato, Golden rice, edible vaccine, bio fortification – ethical issues.

Intellectual Property Rights: Intellectual Property Rights–Introduction, Kinds of Intellectual Property Rights -

Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights, Trade Secrets. Need for intellectual property right, Advantages and Disadvantages

of IPR. International Regime Relating to IPR – TRIPS, WIPO, WTO, GATTS. IPR in India genesis and development.

Geographical Indication – introduction, types. Patent filing procedure for ordinary application.

Bioinformatics: Genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, Pharmacogenomics. Database –sequence and structural

database(NCBI), DNA (Genbank, EMBL, DDBJ) protein database (Swissport, prosite). Protein prediction, molecular

visualization of proteins (RASMOL), phylogenetic analysis, drug targeting, drug discovery, nanotechnology,

Rice genome project.

UNIT-10 Environmental Biology and Evolution

Ecosystem structure and function; energy flow and mineral cycling (C, N, P): terrestrial and aquatic.

Habitat and Niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche;

resource partitioning; character displacement. The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic

and abiotic interactions. Species Interactions-Ecological Succession-Population Ecology: Characteristics of a

population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); the concept

of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, intergenic extinctions, age-structured populations. Food chain and food

web, energy flow, laws of thermodynamics. Productivity – primary and secondary productivity – GPP & BPP.

Community Ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and

its measurement; edges and ecotones.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Energy resources; renewable and non-renewable. Environment Deterioration: Pollution – types and

control-Climate change-Green house effect and global warming, ozone depletion and acid rain. Waste

management–Solid and e-waste, recycling of wastes. Bioremediation- types. Eco- restoration/remediation ecological foot

prints-carbon foot print-ecolabeling-environmental auditing.

Phytogeography: Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zones

of India. Phytogeographical Zones-Vegetation types of India and Tamil Nadu, Distribution: Continuous, Discontinuous

and Endemism. Theories of discontinuous distribution: Continental drift, Age and area hypothesis. Geographical

Information System (GIS) Principles of remote sensing and its applications. Biodiversity And Conservation – Hot

spots – Threats to biodiversity–endangered and endemic plant species of India, Red list categories of IUCN,

conservation–in situ and ex situ methods.

EVOLUTION

Origin of universe – big bang theory- origin of life – origin of species–Origin of basic biological molecules;

Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers; Concept of Oparin and Haldane; Experiment of Miller

(1953); The first cell; Evolution of prokaryotes; Origin of eukaryotic cells; Evolution of unicellular eukaryotes;

Anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic metabolism. The emergence of evolutionary thoughts:

Lamarck; Darwin–concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness and natural selection; Mendelism; Spontaneity

of mutations; The evolutionary synthesis. Speciation, Allopatricity and Sympatricity, Convengent evolution,

Co-evolution, the evolutionary time scale.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No: 05

SUBJECT: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SYLLABUS

UNIT – 1 :

Evolution of management thought: Systems and contingency approach for understanding organizations;

Managerial processes, functions, skills and roles in an organization; Social Responsibility of Business; Understanding

and Managing individual behaviour; Personality; Perceptions; Attitudes; Learning; Decision-making; Management

by Objectives; Understanding and managing group processes–interpersonal and group dynamics; Applications of

Emotional Intelligence in organizations. Leadership and influence process; Work Motivation. Understanding arid

Managing organizational system—Organizational design and structure, Work stress, Organizational Change and

development; Conflict Management; Stress Management.

UNIT – 2 :

Nature, components and determinants of business environment, dynamics of business environment, key indicators;

Risk in business environment, Assessing business environment–country risk and political risk. Current state of

business environment in India–Economic reforms–Liberalization, privatization, globalization, industrial policy and

industrialization trends, public enterprise reforms and disinvestment programme; competitive environment; financial

environment. India’s current balance of payment position, globalization trends, Trade reforms & trends, FIJI poky

& trends, India’s share in world economy. Trends in global trade & investment; Nature & operations of multilateral

economic institutions–World Bank, WTO, IMF and their impact on Indian business environment. Factors of global

competitiveness. Strategic management process and Evaluation.

UNIT – 3 :

Accounting Principles and Standards, Preparation of Financial Statements; Financial Statement Analysis – Ratio

Analysis, Funds Flow and Cash Flow Analysis, DuPont Analysis; Preparation of Cost Sheet, Marginal Costing,

Cost Volume Profit Analysis Standard Costing & Variance Analysis; Financial Management, Concept & Functions;

Capital Structure – Theories, Cost of Capital, Sources and Finance Budgeting and Budgetary Control, Types and

Process, Zero base Budgeting; Leverages – Operating, Financial and Combined Leverages, EBIT–EPS Analysis,

Financial Break even Point & Indifference Level.

UNIT – 4 :

Value & Returns – Time Preference for Money, Valuation of Bonds and Shares, Risk and Returns; Capital

Budgeting – Nature of Investment, Evaluation, Comparison of Methods; Risk and Uncertainly Analysis.

Dividend – Theories and Determination; Mergers and Acquisition – Corporate Restructuring, Value Creation,

Merger Negotiations, Leveraged Buyouts, Takeover; Portfolio Management – CAPM, APT.

Derivatives – Options, Option Payoffs, Option Pricing, Forward Contracts & Future Contracts; Working Capital

Management – Determinants, Cash, Inventory, Receivables and Payables Management, Factoring; International

Financial Management, Foreign exchange market.

UNIT – 5 :

Nature, scope and concept of marketing, Corporate orientations towards the marketplace; The Marketing environment

and Environment scanning; Marketing information system and Marketing research; Understanding consumer and

Industrial markets; Market segmentation, Targeting and positioning; Product decisions — product mix, product life

cycle, new product development, branding and packaging decisions; Pricing methods and strategies; Promotion

decisions — promotion mix, advertising, sales promotion, publicity and personal selling; Channel management–

Evaluation and control of marketing efforts; Ethics in Marketing; New issues in marketing–Globalization, Consumerism,

Green Marketing, Direct Marketing, Network Marketing, Event Marketing.

UNIT – 6 :

Concepts and Perspectives on Human Resource Management; Human Resources Management in a changing

environment; Corporate objectives and Human Resource Planning; Career and succession planning; job analysis;

Methods of manpower search; Attracting, Selecting and retaining human resources; Induction and socialization;

Manpower training and development; Performance appraisal and potential evaluation; Job evaluation and compensation;

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Employee welfare; Industrial relations & trade unions; Dispute resolution & grievance management, Employee

empowerment.

UNIT – 7 :

Nature and Scope of Production and Operations Management; Facility Location; Types of Manufacturing Systems

and Layouts; Layout Planning and Analysis; Material Handling : Principles & Equipments; Line Balancing; Production

Planning and Control in Mass Production, in Batch and Job Order manufacturing; Capacity Planning; Product

Planning and Selection, Process Planning, Aggregate Planning and Master Production Scheduling; Maintenance

Management, Work Study : Method Study and Work Measurement, Material Management; An Overview of Material

Management, Material Requirement Planning and Inventory Control; JIT; Purchase Management; Stores Management;

Quality Assurance : Acceptance Sampling, Statistical Quality Control, Total Quality Management.

UNIT – 8 :

Computers: An introduction; Computes in business; Elements of computer system set-up; Indian computing

environment; components of a computer system; Software Packages–An Introduction–Disk Operating System

and Windows; Introduction to Word Processor. Introduction to a spreadsheet software; Creation of spreadsheet

applications; Range, Formulas, Functions, Data Base Functions in spreadsheet; Graphics on Spreadsheet;

Data Files- Types/Organization; Master & Transaction File; Relevance of Data Base Management; Systems and

Integration of Applications; Basics of Data Processing; Data Hierarchy & Data File Structures. Network Fundamentals,

Analog and Digital Signals, Band width, Network Topology, Network Applications.

UNIT – 9 :

Significance of Entrepreneur in Economic Development; Economic, Social and psychological need for entrepreneurship;

Characteristics, qualities and pre – requisites of entrepreneur; The function of the entrepreneur in economic

development of a Country; Methods and procedures to start and expand one’s own business; Life cycle of new

business and relationship with large enterprises; Achievement motivation; Environmental Factors affecting success

of a new business; Reasons for the failure and visible problems for business-Feasibility Study – Preparation of

Feasibility Reports : Selection of factory location, Demand Analysis, Market potential measurement, Capital saving

and project costing, Working capital requirements, profit and tax planning; Economic, Technical, Financial and

Managerial Feasibility of Project. Government support to new enterprise; Incentives; source of Finance; Role of

Government and Promotional agencies in entrepreneurship development.

UNIT – 10 :

Nature and Scope of Research Methodology, Problem, Formulation and Statement of Research Objectives; Value

and Cost of Information; Bayesian Decision Theory; Research Process; Research Designs–Exploratory, Descriptive

and Experimental; Methods of Data Collection — Observational and Survey Methods; Questionnaire and Interviews.

Attitude Measurement Techniques; Administration of Surveys; Sample Design; Selecting an Appropriate Statistical

Technique. Field Work and Tabulation of Data; Analysis of Data.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No.06

SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY

SYLLABUS

UNIT 1

Inorganic Chemistry

•

Chemical periodicity

•

Structure and bonding in homo–and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of molecules (VSEPR Theory).

•

Concepts of acids and bases, Hard-Soft acid base concept, Buffer Solutions Non-aqueous solvents.

•

Main group elements and their compounds: Allotropy, synthesis, structure and bonding, industrial importance

of the compounds.

•

Transition elements and coordination compounds: structure, bonding theories, spectral and magnetic properties,

reaction mechanisms.

•

Inner transition elements: spectral and magnetic properties, redox chemistry, analytical applications.

•

Organometallic compounds: synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity.

•

Organometallics in homogeneous catalysis Cages and metal clusters.

UNIT 2

•

Analytical chemistry–separation, spectroscopic, electro-and thermo analytical methods.

•

Bioinorganic chemistry: photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport, electron–transfer reactions;

nitrogen fixation, metal complexes in medicine.

•

Characterization of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, UV-vis, NQR, MS, electron

spectroscopy and microscopic techniques.

•

Nuclear chemistry: nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques and activation analysis.

UNIT 3

Physical Chemistry:

•

Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; exactly- solvable systems: particle-

in-a-box, harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin

angular momenta; tunneling.

•

Approximate methods of quantum mechanics: Variational principle; perturbation theory up to second order

in energy; applications.

•

Atomic structure and spectroscopy; term symbols; many-electron systems and anti-symmetry principle.

•

Chemical bonding in diatomics; elementary concepts of MO and VB theories; Huckel theory for conjugated

π-electron systems.

•

Chemical applications of group theory; symmetry elements; point groups; character tables; selection rules.

UNIT 4

•

Molecular spectroscopy: Rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules; electronic spectra; IR and

Raman activities–selection rules; basic principles of magnetic resonance.

•

Chemical thermodynamics: Laws, state and path functions and their applications; thermodynamic description

of various types of processes; Maxwell’s relations; spontaneity and equilibria; temperature and pressure

dependence of thermodynamic quantities; Le Chatelier principle; elementary description of phase transitions;

phase equilibria and phase rule; thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal gases, and solutions.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

•

Statistical thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution; kinetic theory of gases; partition functions and their relation

to thermodynamic quantities-calculations for model systems.

UNIT 5

Physical Chemistry Continuation

•

Electrochemistry: Nernst equation, redox systems, electrochemical cells; Debye Huckel theory; electrolytic

conductance – Kohlrausch’s law and its applications; ionic equilibria; conductometric and potentiometric

titrations.

•

Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence; complex reactions; steady state

approximation; determination of reaction mechanisms; collision and transition state theories of rate constants;

unimolecular reactions; enzyme kinetics; salt effects; homogeneous catalysis; photochemical reactions.

•

Colloids and surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids; isotherms and surface area; heterogeneous catalysis.

UNIT 6

•

Solid state: Crystal structures; Bragg’s law and applications; band structure of solids.

•

Polymer chemistry: Molar masses; kinetics of polymerization.

•

Data analysis: Mean and standard deviation; absolute and relative errors; linear regression; covariance and

correlation coefficient.

UNIT 7

Organic Chemistry

•

IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio-and stereo isomers.

•

Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds;

stereogenicity, stereo selectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity and asymmetric induction.

•

Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds–generation and reactions.

•

Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals,

carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.

•

Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination and substitution reactions with electrophilic,

nucleophilic or radical species. Determination of reaction pathways.

•

Common named reactions and rearrangements–applications in organic synthesis.

•

Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group interconversion including oxidations and reductions;

common catalysts and reagents (organic, inorganic, organometallic and enzymatic). Chemo, region and

stereoselective transformations.

•

Concepts in organic synthesis: Retrosynthesis, disconnection, synthons, linear and convergent synthesis,

umpolung of reactivity and protecting groups.

UNIT 8

•

Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction – substrate, reagent and catalyst

controlled reactions; determination of enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess; enantio-discrimination.

Resolution – optical and kinetic.

•

Pericyclic reactions– electro cyclisation, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted

reactions. Principles and applications of photochemical reactions in organic chemistry.

•

Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (O, N, S).

•

Chemistry of natural products: Carbohydrates, proteins and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic acids, terpenes,

steroids and alkaloids. Biogenesis of terpenoids and alkaloids.

•

Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, ¹H&¹³C-NMR and Mass spectroscopic

techniques.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No: 07

SUBJECT: COMMERCE

SYLLABUS

Unit–1:

Business Environment and International Business

•

Concepts and elements of business environment: Economic environment- Economic systems, Economic policies

(Monetary and fiscal policies); Political environment- Role of government in business; Legal environment–

Consumer Protection Act, FEMA; Socio-cultural factors and their influence on business; Corporate Social

Responsibility (CSR).

•

Scope and importance of international business; Globalization and its drivers; Modes of entry into international

business.

•

Theories of international trade; Government intervention in international trade; Tariff and non-tariff barriers;

India’s foreign trade policy.

•

Foreign direct investment (FDI) and Foreign portfolio investment (FPI); Types of FDI, Costs and benefits

of FDI to home and host countries; Trends in FDI; India’s FDI policy.

•

Balance of payments (BOP): Importance and components of BOP.

•

Regional Economic Integration: Levels of Regional Economic Integration; Trade creation and diversion effects;

Regional Trade Agreements: European Union (EU), ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA.

•

International Economic institutions: IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD.

•

World Trade Organization (WTO): Functions and objectives of WTO; Agriculture Agreement; GATS; TRIPS;

TRIMS.

Unit–2:

Accounting and Auditing

•

Basic accounting principles; concepts and postulates.

•

Partnership Accounts: Admission, Retirement, Death, Dissolution and Insolvency of partnership firms.

•

Corporate Accounting: Issue, forfeiture and reissue of shares; Liquidation of companies; Acquisition, merger,

amalgamation and reconstruction of companies.

•

Holding company accounts.

•

Cost and Management Accounting: Marginal costing and Break-even analysis; Standard costing; Budgetary

control; Process costing; Activity Based Costing (ABC); Costing for decision-making; Life cycle costing,

Target costing, Kaizen costing and JIT.

•

Financial Statements Analysis: Ratio analysis; Funds flow Analysis; Cash flow analysis.

•

Human Resources Accounting; Inflation Accounting; Environmental Accounting

•

Indian Accounting Standards and IFRS.

•

Auditing: Independent financial audit; Vouching; Verification ad valuation of assets and liabilities; Audit of

financial statements and audit report; Cost audit.

•

Recent Trends in Auditing: Management audit; Energy audit; Environment audit; Systems audit; Safety audit.

Unit – 3 :

Business Economics

•

Meaning and scope of business economics.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

•

Objectives of business firms.

•

Demand analysis: Law of demand; Elasticity of demand and its measurement; Relationship between AR

and MR.

•

Consumer behavior: Utility analysis; Indifference curve analysis.

•

Law of Variable Proportions: Law of Returns to Scale.

•

Theory of cost: Short-run and long-run cost curves.

•

Price determination under different market forms: Perfect competition; Monopolistic competition; Oligopoly–

Price leadership model; Monopoly; Price discrimination.

•

Pricing strategies: Price skimming; Price penetration; Peak load pricing.

Unit – 4 :

Business Finance

•

Scope and sources of finance; Lease financing.

•

Cost of capital and time value of money.

•

Capital structure.

•

Capital budgeting decisions: Conventional and scientific techniques of capital budgeting analysis.

•

Working capital management; Dividend decision: Theories and policies.

•

Risk and return analysis; Asset securitization.

•

International monetary system.

•

Foreign exchange market; Exchange rate risk and hedging techniques.

•

International financial markets and instruments: Euro currency; GDRs; ADRs.

•

International arbitrage; Multinational capital budgeting.

Unit – 5 :

Business Statistics and Research Methods

•

Measures of central tendency.

•

Measures of dispersion.

•

Measures of skewness.

•

Correlation and regression of two variables.

•

Probability: Approaches to probability; Bayes’ theorem.

•

Probability distributions: Binomial, poisson and normal distributions.

•

Research: Concept and types; Research designs.

•

Data: Collection and classification of data.

•

Sampling and estimation: Concepts; Methods of sampling–probability and non- probability methods; Sampling

distribution; Central limit theorem; Standard error; Statistical estimation.

•

Hypothesis testing: z-test; t-test; ANOVA; Chi–square test; Mann-Whitney test (U- test); Kruskal-Wallis test

(H-test); Rank correlation test.

•

Report writing.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Unit – 6 :

Business Management and Human Resource Management

•

Principles and functions of management.

•

Organization structure: Formal and informal organizations; Span of control.

•

Responsibility and authority: Delegation of authority and decentralization.

•

Motivation and leadership: Concept and theories.

•

Corporate governance and business ethics.

•

Human resource management: Concept, role and functions of HRM; Human resource planning; Recruitment

and selection; Training and development; Succession planning.

•

Compensation management: Job evaluation; Incentives and fringe benefits.

•

Performance appraisal including 360 degree performance appraisal.

•

Collective bargaining and workers’ participation in management.

•

Personality: Perception; Attitudes; Emotions; Group dynamics; Power and politics; Conflict and negotiation;

Stress management.

•

Organizational Culture: Organizational development and organizational change.

Unit – 7 :

Banking and Financial Institutions

•

Overview of Indian financial system-

Types of banks: Commercial banks; Regional Rural Banks (RRBs); Foreign banks; Cooperative banks.

•

Reserve Bank of India: Functions; Role and monetary policy management.

•

Banking sector reforms in India: Basel norms; Risk management; NPA management.

•

Financial markets: Money market; Capital market; Government securities market.

•

Financial Institutions: Development Finance Institutions (DFIs); Non-Banking. Financial Companies (NBFCs);

Mutual Funds; Pension Funds.

•

Financial Regulators in India.

•

Financial sector reforms including financial inclusion.

•

Digitisation of banking and other financial services: Internet banking; mobile banking; Digital payments

systems.

•

Insurance: Types of insurance- Life and Non-life insurance; Risk classification and management; Factors

limiting the insurability of risk; Re-insurance; Regulatory framework of insurance - IRDA and its role.

Unit – 8 :

Marketing Management

•

Marketing: Concept and approaches; Marketing channels; Marketing mix; Strategic marketing planning; Market

segmentation, targeting and positioning.

•

Product decisions: Concept; Product line; Product mix decisions; Product life cycle; New product development.

•

Pricing decisions: Factors affecting price determination; Pricing policies and strategies.

•

Promotion decisions: Role of promotion in marketing; Promotion methods–Advertising; Personal selling;

Publicity; Sales promotion tools and techniques; Promotion mix.

•

Distribution decisions: Channels of distribution; Channel management.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

•

Consumer Behaviour; Consumer buying process; factors influencing consumer buying decisions.

•

Service marketing.

•

Trends in marketing: Social marketing; Online marketing; Green marketing; Direct marketing; Rural marketing;

CRM.

•

Logistics management.

Unit – 9 :

Legal Aspects of Business

•

Indian Contract Act, 1872: Elements of a valid contract; Capacity of parties; Free consent; Discharge of

a contract; Breach of contract and remedies against breach; Quasi contracts.

•

Special contracts: Contracts of indemnity and guarantee; contracts of bailment and pledge; Contracts of

agency.

•

Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Sale and agreement to sell; Doctrine of Caveat Emptor; Rights of unpaid

seller and rights of buyer.

•

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: Types of negotiable instruments; Negotiation and assignment; Dishonour

and discharge of negotiable instruments.

•

The Companies Act, 2013: Nature and kinds of companies; Company formation; Management, meetings and

winding up of a joint stock company.

•

Limited Liability Partnership: Structure and procedure of formation of LLP in India.

•

The Competition Act, 2002: Objectives and main provisions.

•

The Information Technology Act, 2000: Objectives and main provisions; Cyber crimes and penalties.

•

The RTI Act, 2005: Objectives and main provisions.

•

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) : Patents, trademarks and copyrights; Emerging issues in intellectual

property.

•

Goods and Services Tax (GST): Objectives and main provisions; Benefits of GST; Implementation

mechanism; Working of dual GST.

Unit – 10 :

Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning

•

Income-tax: Basic concepts; Residential status and tax incidence; Exempted incomes; Agricultural income;

Computation of taxable income under various heads; Deductions from Gross total income; Assessment of

Individuals; Clubbing of incomes.

•

International Taxation: Double taxation and its avoidance mechanism; Transfer pricing.

•

Corporate Tax Planning: Concepts and significance of corporate tax planning; Tax avoidance versus tax

evasion; Techniques of corporate tax planning; Tax considerations in specific business situations: Make or

buy decisions; Own or lease an asset; Retain; Renewal or replacement of asset; Shut down or continue

operations.

•

Deduction and collection of tax at source; Advance payment of tax; E-filing of income-tax returns.

•

Income-tax: Basic concepts–Residential status and tax incidence–Exempted incomes; Agricultural

income–Computation of taxable income under Salaries, House property, Capital gains, Profits and gains of

business and profession and Income from other sources – Gross total income – Deductions from Gross

total income–Clubbing of incomes–Set off and carry forward of losses–Assessment of Individuals.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No:08

SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE /

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

SYLLABUS

Unit–1 :

Discrete Structures and Optimization

Mathematical Logic: Propositional and Predicate Logic, Propositional Equivalences, Normal Forms, Predicates

and Quantifiers, Nested Quantifiers, Rules of Inference.

Sets and Relations: Set Operations, Representation and Properties of Relations, Equivalence Relations,

Partially Ordering.

Counting, Mathematical Induction and Discrete Probability: Basics of Counting, Pigeonhole Principle,

Permutations and Combinations, Inclusion–Exclusion Principle, Mathematical Induction, Probability, Bayes’ Theorem.

Group Theory: Groups, Subgroups, Semi Groups, Product and Quotients of Algebraic Structures, Isomorphism,

Homomorphism, Automorphism, Rings, Integral Domains, Fields, Applications of Group Theory.

Graph Theory: Simple Graph, Multigraph, Weighted Graph, Paths and Circuits, Shortest Paths in Weighted

Graphs, Eulerian Paths and Circuits, Hamiltonian Paths and Circuits, Planner graph, Graph Coloring, Bipartite

Graphs, Trees and Rooted Trees, Prefix Codes, Tree Traversals, Spanning Trees and Cut-Sets.

Boolean Algebra : Boolean Functions and its Representation, Simplifications of Boolean Functions.

Optimization: Linear Programming–Mathematical Model, Graphical Solution, Simplex and Dual Simplex

Method, Sensitive Analysis; Integer Programming, Transportation and Assignment Models, PERT-CPM: Diagram

Representation,Critical Path Calculations, Resource Levelling, Cost Consideration in Project Scheduling.

Unit – 2 :

Computer System Architecture

Digital Logic Circuits and Components: Digital Computers, Logic Gates, Boolean Algebra, Map Simplifications,

Combinational Circuits, Flip-Flops, Sequential Circuits, Integrated Circuits, Decoders, Multiplexers, Registers and

Counters, Memory Unit.

Data Representation: Data Types, Number Systems and Conversion, Complements, Fixed Point Representation,

Floating Point Representation, Error Detection Codes, Computer Arithmetic–Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and

Division Algorithms.

Register Transfer and Microoperations: Register Transfer Language, Bus and Memory Transfers, Arithmetic,

Logic and Shift Microoperations.

Basic Computer Organization and Design: Stored Program Organization and Instruction Codes, Computer

Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle, Memory-Reference Instructions, Input-

Output, Interrupt.

Programming the Basic Computer: Machine Language, Assembly Language, Assembler, Program Loops,

Subroutines, Input-Output Programming.

Microprogrammed Control: Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Design of Control Unit.

Central Processing Unit: General Register Organization, Stack Organization, Instruction Formats, Addressing

Modes, RISC Computer, CISC Computer.

Pipeline and Vector Processing: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, Vector

Processing Array Processors.

Input-Output Organization: Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous Data Transfer, Modes of

Transfer, Priority Interrupt, DMA, Serial Communication.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Memory Hierarchy: Main Memory, Auxillary Memory, Associative Memory, Cache Memory, Virtual Memory,

Memory Management Hardware.

Multiprocessors: Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures, Interprocessor Arbitration,

Interprocessor Communication and Synchronization, Cache Coherence, Multicore Processors.

Unit–3 :

Programming Languages and Computer Graphics

Language Design and Translation Issues: Programming Language Concepts, Paradigms and Models,

Programming Environments, Virtual Computers and Binding Times, Programming Language Syntax, Stages in

Translation, Formal Transition Models.

Elementary Data Types: Properties of Types and Objects; Scalar and Composite Data Types.

Programming in C: Tokens, Identifiers, Data Types, Sequence Control, Subprogram Control, Arrays, Structures,

Union, String, Pointers, Functions, File Handling, Command Line Argumaents, Preprocessors.

Object Oriented Programming: Class, Object, Instantiation, Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstract Class,

Polymorphism.

Programming in C++: Tokens, Identifiers, Variables and Constants; Data types, Operators, Control statements,

Functions Parameter Passing, Virtual Functions, Class and Objects; Constructors and Destructors; Overloading,

Inheritance, Templates, Exception and Event Handling; Streams and Files; Multifile Programs.

Web Programming: HTML, DHTML, XML, Scripting, Java, Servlets, Applets.

Computer Graphics: Video-Display Devices, Raster-Scan and Random-Scan Systems; Graphics Monitors, Input

Devices, Points and Lines; Line Drawing Algorithms, Mid-Point Circle and Ellipse Algorithms; Scan Line Polygon

Fill Algorithm, Boundary-Fill and Flood- Fill.

2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing: Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection and Shear Transformations;

Matrix Representations and Homogeneous Coordinates; Composite Transforms, Transformations Between Coordinate

Systems, Viewing Pipeline, Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame, Window to View-Port Coordinate Transformation,

Viewing Functions, Line and Polygon Clipping Algorithms.

3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations and Viewing: Polygon Surfaces, Quadric Surfaces,

Spline Representation, Bezier and B-Spline Curves; Bezier and B-Spline Surfaces; Illumination Models, Polygon

Rendering Methods, Viewing Pipeline and Coordinates; General Projection Transforms and Cipping.

Database Management Systems

Database System Concepts and Architecture: Data Models, Schemas, and Instances; Three- Schema Architecture

and Data Independence; Database Languages and Interfaces; Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMS.

Data Modeling: Entity-Relationship Diagram, Relational Model–Constraints, Languages, Design, and Programming,

Relational Database Schemas, Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint Violations; Relational Algebra and

Relational Calculus; Codd Rules.

SQL: Data Definition and Data Types; Constraints, Queries, Insert, Delete, and Update Statements; Views,

Stored Procedures and Functions; Database Triggers, SQL Injection.

Normalization for Relational Databases: Functional Dependencies and Normalization; Algorithms for Query

Processing and Optimization; Transaction Processing, Concurrency Control Techniques, Database Recovery Techniques,

Object and Object-Relational Databases; Database Security and Authorization.

Enhanced Data Models: Temporal Database Concepts, Multimedia Databases, Deductive Databases, XML and

Internet Databases; Mobile Databases, Geographic Information Systems, Genome Data Management, Distributed

Databases and Client-Server Architectures.

Data Warehousing and Data Mining: Data Modeling for Data Warehouses, Concept Hierarchy, OLAP and OLTP;

Association Rules, Classification, Clustering, Regression, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbour, Hidden

Markov Model, Summarization, Dependency Modeling, Link Analysis, Sequencing Analysis, Social Network Analysis.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Unit – 4 :

Big Data Systems: Big Data Characteristics, Types of Big Data, Big Data Architecture, Introduction to Map-

Reduce and Hadoop; Distributed File System, HDFS.

NOSQL: NOSQL and Query Optimization; Different NOSQL Products, Querying and Managing NOSQL; Indexing

and Ordering Data Sets; NOSQL in Cloud.

System Software and Operating System

System Software: Machine, Assembly and High-Level Languages; Compilers and Interpreters; Loading, Linking

and Relocation; Macros, Debuggers.

Basics of Operating Systems: Operating System Structure, Operations and Services; System Calls, Operating-

System Design and Implementation; System Boot.

Process Management: Process Scheduling and Operations; Interprocess Communication, Communication

in Client–Server Systems, Process Synchronization, Critical-Section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Semaphores,

Synchronization.

Threads: Multicore Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Implicit Threading, Threading Issues.

CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria and Algorithms; Thread Scheduling, Multiple- Processor Scheduling,

Real-Time CPU Scheduling.

Deadlocks: Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks, Deadlock Prevention, Avoidance and

Detection; Recovery from Deadlock.

Memory Management: Contiguous Memory Allocation, Swapping, Paging, Segmentation, Demand Paging, Page

Replacement, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing, Memory-Mapped Files.

Storage Management: Mass-Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Scheduling and Management, RAID Structure.

File and Input/Output Systems: Access Methods, Directory and Disk Structure; File- System Mounting,

File Sharing, File-System Structure and Implementation; Directory Implementation, Allocation Methods, Free-Space

Management, Efficiency and Performance; Recovery, I/O Hardware, Application I/O Interface, Kernel I/O Subsystem,

Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations.

Security: Protection, Access Matrix, Access Control, Revocation of Access Rights, Program Threats, System

and Network Threats; Cryptography as a Security Tool, User Authentication, Implementing Security Defenses.

Virtual Machines: Types of Virtual Machines and Implementations; Virtualization.

Linux Operating Systems: Design Principles, Kernel Modules, Process Management, Scheduling, Memory

Management, File Systems, Input and Output; Interprocess Communication, Network Structure.

Windows Operating Systems: Design Principles, System Components, Terminal Services and Fast User

Switching; File System, Networking.

Distributed Systems: Types of Network based Operating Systems, Network Structure, Communication Structure

and Protocols; Robustness, Design Issues, Distributed File Systems.

Unit – 5:

Software Engineering

Software Process Models: Software Process, Generic Process Model – Framework Activity, Task Set and Process

Patterns; Process Lifecycle, Prescriptive Process Models, Project Management, Component Based Development,

Aspect-Oriented Software Development, Formal Methods, Agile Process Models – Extreme Programming (XP),

Adoptive Software Development, Scrum, Dynamic System Development Model, Feature Driven Development,

Crystal, Web Engineering.

Software Requirements: Functional and Non-Functional Requirements; Eliciting Requirements, Developing

Use Cases, Requirement Analysis and Modeling; Requirement Review, Software Requirement and Specification

(SRS) Document.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Software Design: Abstraction, Architecture, Patterns, Separation of Concerns, Modularity, Information Hiding,

Functional Independence, Cohesion and Coupling; Object-Oriented Design, Data Design, Architectural Design, User

Interface Design, Component Level Design.

Software Quality: McCall’s Quality Factors, ISO 9126 Quality Factors, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Risk

Management, Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management (RMMM); Software Reliability.

Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects: Software Sizing, LOC and FP based Estimations; Estimating

Cost and Effort; Estimation Models, Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), Project Scheduling and Staffing;

Time-line Charts.

Software Testing: Verification and Validation; Error, Fault, Bug and Failure; Unit and Integration Testing;

White-box and Black-box Testing; Basis Path Testing, Control Structure Testing, Deriving Test Cases, Alpha and

Beta Testing; Regression Testing, Performance Testing, Stress Testing.

Software Configuration Management: Change Control and Version Control; Software Reuse, Software

Re-engineering, Reverse Engineering.

Unit–6 :

Data Structures and Algorithms

Data Structures: Arrays and their Applications; Sparse Matrix, Stacks, Queues, Priority Queues, Linked Lists,

Trees, Forest, Binary Tree, Threaded Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree, AVL Tree, B Tree, B+ Tree, B* Tree, Data

Structure for Sets, Graphs, Sorting and Searching Algorithms; Hashing.

Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences: Time and Space Complexities; Asymptotic Notation,

Recurrence Relations.

Design Techniques: Divide and Conquer; Dynamic Programming, Greedy Algorithms, Backtracking, Branch

and Bound.

Lower Bound Theory: Comparison Trees, Lower Bounds through Reductions.

Graph Algorithms: Breadth-First Search, Depth-First Search, Shortest Paths, Maximum Flow, Minimum Spanning

Trees.

Complexity Theory: P and NP Class Problems; NP-completeness and Reducibility.

Selected Topics : Number Theoretic Algorithms, Polynomial Arithmetic, Fast Fourier Transform, String

Matching Algorithms.

Advanced

Algorithms:

Parallel Algorithms

for Sorting, Searching

and

Merging, Approximation

Algorithms, Randomized Algorithms.

Unit – 7 :

Theory of Computation and Compilers

Theory of Computation: Formal Language, Non-Computational Problems, Diagonal Argument, Russel’s Paradox.

Regular Language Models: Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA), Non-Deterministic Finite Automaton (NDFA),

Equivalence of DFA and NDFA, Regular Languages, Regular Grammars, Regular Expressions, Properties of Regular

Language, Pumping Lemma, Non- Regular Languages, Lexical Analysis.

Context Free Language: Pushdown Automaton (PDA), Non-Deterministic Pushdown Automaton (NPDA),

Context Free Grammar, Chomsky Normal Form, Greibach Normal Form, Ambiguity, Parse Tree Representation

of Derivation Trees, Equivalence of PDA’s and Context Free Grammars; Properties of Context Free Language.

Turing Machines (TM): Standard Turing Machine and its Variations; Universal Turing Machines, Models of

Computation and Church-Turing Thesis; Recursive and Recursively- Enumerable Languages; Context-Sensitive

Languages, Unrestricted Grammars, Chomsky Hierarchy of Languages, Construction of TM for Simple Problems.

Unsolvable Problems

and

Computational

Complexity:

Unsolvable

Problem,

Halting Problem, Post

Correspondence Problem, Unsolvable Problems for Context-Free Languages, Measuring and Classifying Complexity,

Tractable and Intractable Problems.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Syntax Analysis: Associativity, Precedence, Grammar Transformations, Top Down Parsing, Recursive Descent

Predictive Parsing, LL(1) Parsing, Bottom up Parsing, LR Parser, LALR(1) Parser.

Semantic Analysis: Attribute Grammar, Syntax Directed Definitions, Inherited and Synthesized Attributes;

Dependency Graph, Evaluation Order, S-attributed and L-attributed Definitions; Type-Checking.

Run Time System: Storage Organization, Activation Tree, Activation Record, Stack Allocation of Activation

Records, Parameter Passing Mechanisms, Symbol Table.

Intermediate Code Generation: Intermediate Representations, Translation of Declarations, Assignments,

Control Flow, Boolean Expressions and Procedure Calls.

Code Generation and Code Optimization: Control-flow, Data-flow Analysis, Local Optimization,

Global Optimization, Loop Optimization, Peep-Hole Optimization, Instruction Scheduling.

Unit – 8 :

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Data Communication: Components of a Data Communication System, Simplex, Half- Duplex and Duplex

Modes of Communication; Analog and Digital Signals; Noiseless and Noisy Channels; Bandwidth, Throughput and

Latency; Digital and Analog Transmission; Data Encoding and Modulation Techniques; Broadband and Baseband

Transmission; Multiplexing, Transmission Media, Transmission Errors, Error Handling Mechanisms.

Computer Networks: Network Topologies, Local Area Networks, Metropolitan Area Networks, Wide Area

Network, Wireless Networks, Internet.

Network Models: Layered Architecture, OSI Reference Model and its Protocols; TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Physical,

Logical, Port and Specific Addresses; Switching Techniques.

Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers: Framing, Error Detection and Correction; Flow and Error Control;

Sliding Window Protocol, HDLC, Multiple Access – CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Reservation, Polling, Token Passing,

FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, Network Devices, Backbone Networks, Virtual LANs.

IPv4 Structure and Address Space; Classful and Classless Addressing;

Datagram, Fragmentation and Checksum; IPv6 Packet Format, Mapping Logical to Physical Address (ARP),

Direct and Indirect Network Layer Delivery; Routing Algorithms, TCP, UDP and SCTP Protocols; Flow Control,

Error Control and Congestion Control in TCP and SCTP.

World Wide Web (WWW): Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Domain Name Service (DNS), Resolution–Mapping

Names to Addresses and Addresses to Names; Electronic Mail Architecture, SMTP, POP and IMAP; TELNET

and FTP.

Network Security: Malwares, Cryptography and Steganography; Secret-Key Algorithms, Public-Key Algorithms,

Digital Signature, Virtual Private Networks, Firewalls.

Mobile Technology: GSM and CDMA; Services and Architecture of GSM and Mobile Computing; Middleware

and Gateway for Mobile Computing; Mobile IP and Mobile Communication Protocol; Communication Satellites,

Wireless Networks and Topologies; Cellular Topology, Mobile Adhoc Networks, Wireless Transmission and Wireless

LANs; Wireless Geolocation Systems, GPRS and SMS.

Cloud Computing and IoT: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Public and Private Cloud; Virtualization, Virtual Server,

Cloud Storage, Database Storage, Resource Management, Service Level Agreement, Basics of IoT.

Unit – 9 :

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Approaches to AI: Turing Test and Rational Agent Approaches; State Space Representation of Problems,

Heuristic Search Techniques, Game Playing, Min-Max Search, Alpha Beta Cutoff Procedures.

Knowledge Representation: Logic, Semantic Networks, Frames, Rules, Scripts, Conceptual Dependency and

Ontologies; Expert Systems, Handling Uncertainty in Knowledge.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Planning: Components of a Planning System, Linear and Non Linear Planning; Goal Stack Planning, Hierarchical

Planning, STRIPS, Partial Order Planning.

Natural Language Processing: Grammar and Language; Parsing Techniques, Semantic Analysis and Pragmatics.

Multi Agent Systems: Agents and Objects; Agents and Expert Systems; Generic Structure of Multiagent

System, Semantic Web, Agent Communication, Knowledge Sharing using Ontologies, Agent Development Tools.

Fuzzy Sets: Notion of Fuzziness, Membership Functions, Fuzzification and Defuzzification; Operations on Fuzzy

Sets, Fuzzy Functions and Linguistic Variables; Fuzzy Relations, Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Inference; Fuzzy Control

System and Fuzzy Rule Based Systems.

Genetic Algorithms (GA): Encoding Strategies, Genetic Operators, Fitness Functions and GA Cycle; Problem

Solving using GA.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN): Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement Learning; Single Perceptron,

Multi Layer Perceptron, Self Organizing Maps, Hop field Network.

Security and Cryptography

Network Security: Security Attacks, Security Services, Security Algorithm, Stream cipher and Block cipher,

Traditional Block Cipher Structure, Symmetric and Asymmetric-key, Malwares, Cryptography and Steganography.

Cryptosystem: Secret-Key Algorithms, DES, Triple DES, AES, IDEA, Blowfish, RC5. Public- key Cryptosystem:

RSA Algorithm, Key Management, Diffie-Hellman Key exchange, Elliptic Curve Cryptography Message Authentication

and Hash functions, Hash and Mac Algorithm Digital Signatures: Elgamal Digital Signature Scheme, Schnorr Digital

Signature Scheme NIST Digital Signature Algorithm, Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, RSA-

Digital Signature Algorithm – Key Management and Distribution: Symmetric Key Distribution Using Symmetric

Encryption – Symmetric Key Distribution Using Asymmetric Key Encryption

Web Security: Secure Socket Layer, Secure Electronic Transaction. System Security, Intruders and Viruses,

Firewalls, Password Security.

Unit–10 :

Cloud Computing and Internet of Things

Cloud Computing: Roots of Cloud Computing, Layers and Types of Cloud, Features of a cloud, Infrastructure

Management, Cloud Services, Challenges and Risks. Migrating into a Cloud : Broad Approaches, Seven Step

Model. Integration as a Service-Integration Methodology, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Public and Private Cloud; Virtualization,

Virtual Server, Cloud Storage, Database Storage, Resource Management, Service Level Agreement.

Fundamentals of IOT: Enabling Technologies, IOT Architectures: oneM2M, IOT World Forum (IOTWF) and

Alternative IOT models, Simplified IOT Architecture and Core IOT, Functional Stack, Fog, Edge and Cloud in

IOT, Functional blocks of an IOT ecosystem, Sensors, Actuators, Smart Objects and Connecting Smart Objects.

IOT Access Technologies: Physical and MAC layers, topology and Security of IEEE 802.15.4, Network Layer:

IP versions, Constrained Nodes and Constrained Networks, Optimizing IP for IOT-Routing over Low Power

and Lossy Networks, Application Transport Methods: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, Application Layer

Protocols: CoAP and MQTT.

Prototyping Online Components: API, Writing a New API, Real-Time Reactions, Other Protocols. Techniques

for Writing Embedded Code: Memory Management, Performance and Battery Life, Libraries, Debugging.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No: 09

SUBJECT: COSTUME DESIGN & FASHION

SYLLABUS

UNIT – 1 :

Apparel Designing, Manufacturing and Fashion Designing

Body measurements- Importance and procedure. Pattern Making –Types; Drafting, Draping and

Flat pattern making. Methods of transferring pattern markings. Grain–Importance and types; Pattern

alteration- Importance and principles. Fitting- Standards of good fit. Pattern layout- Purpose and types. Pattern

grading. Spreading- Requirement and methods, Marker planning, marker efficiency and methods of marker planning,

Cutting-objectives and methods. Sewing machineries. Sewing federal standards for Seams and stitches.

UNIT – 2 :

Design- definition and types; Elements and Principles of design and its application to apparel.

Colour theories-Prang and Munsell; Dimensions of colour; Standard colour harmonies. Fashion-Terminologies;

Fashion cycle - Length of fashion cycles; Adoption of Fashion theories- Trickle down, trickle up and trickle across.

Fashion forecasting–Need and techniques; Factors affecting fashion; Selection of clothing for different age groups.

UNIT – 3 :

Textile Science and Textile Processing

Fibre–Definition, Classification, Identification, Manufacturing process of major natural and man made fibres,

properties and their end uses. High performance fibers. Yarns–Definition and types. Spinning–Definition and

classification; Chemical and Mechanical spinning; blending, opening, cleaning, doubling, carding, combing,

drawing, roving, spinning. Different methods of fabric construction - Weaving- Mechanism, Parts and Functions

of a simple loom; Classification of looms – Shuttle and shuttle less. Types of weaves. Knitting - Warp and

Weft knitting. Non-woven–Definition and types-Web formation–Application and end uses. Developments in

spinning, weaving, knitting and non-woven’s.

UNIT – 4 :

Preparatory Processes: Desizing, Scouring and Bleaching- need and methods. Mercerizing and Degumming

processes. Dyeing: Classification of dyes- Direct Vat, Sulphur, Napthol, Reactive, Acid, Basic and Disperse dyes.

Stages of dyeing. Natural dyeing-Sources, extraction, Mordants- definition, need, types, Mordanting techniques,

Dyeing procedure. Printing: Direct, discharge and resist styles. After treatment of printed fabrics. Digital Printing.

Finishing- Definition and classification. Basic finishes. Special finishes- Antimicrobial, UV protection, Water repellent,

fragrance, flame retardant and crease resistance. Plasma, Microencapsulation and Nano finishing techniques. Recent

developments in Dyeing, Printing and Finishing.

UNIT – 5 :

Textile Testing and Technical textiles

Selection of samples for testing. Standard R H and temperature for testing. Fiber testing- Fiber length, Fineness,

Maturity, Strength, Determination of trash and lint in cotton. Yarn Testing- Yarn numbering system, Yarn count,

Strength, Twist, Evenness, Hairiness. Fabric testing- Fabric Particulars –length, width, crimp, GSM, Cover factor,

Fabric thickness, Fabric Strength–Tensile, tearing, Bursting strength, Fabric Abrasion, Fabric Pilling, Fabric drape,

Fabric Stiffness, Fabric crease resistance and crease recovery measurements, Absorbency, Wicking, Shrinkage.

Garment testing-Seam strength and seam slippage. Colour fastness–Crocking, perspiration, sunlight, laundering,

pressing and dry-cleaning. Computer colour matching. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity, comfort properties.

Standards for various tests.

UNIT – 6 :

Technical Textiles- Definition and scope, Classification and application of technical textiles–Mobile Tech, Sport

Tech, Agro Tech, Pack Tech, Geo Tech, Med Tech, Build tech, Home textiles, Protective textiles, Smart and

Intelligent textiles -Functions, Fibers used, Properties of fibres and areas of application. Latest trends in technical

textiles. Testing of technical textiles.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT – 7 :

Sustainable Textiles and fashion

Sustainable textiles – definition and importance, Corporate Social Responsibility in the textile and clothing

sector, Environmental Management Systems. Sustainability in Dyeing, Finishing, Processing-Enzymatic processing,

Ecofriendly textile fibres. Sustainable Fashion – meaning and significance; Environmental concerns related to

fashion; Linear fashion and circular fashion.

UNIT – 8 :

4R’s in sustainability –Repair, Recycle, Reuse and Reduce. Moving towards sustainable fashion–Eco fashion,

Zero waste designing upcycling & recycling, Slow fashion; Environmental impact of fast fashion. Terminologies

related to sustainable fashion- Sustainable clothing, Eco design, Eco label, Eco mark, Green washing, Zero waste

design, Green consumer.

UNIT – 9 :

Quality Control and Management

Definition and scope of Quality control, Apparel Quality testing –Quality standards and specification, Quality

parameters and defects of fabrics and garments. Inspection – Incoming and raw material inspection: Fabric

inspection – 4-point system. In process / on-line inspection during spreading, pattern making, cutting, sewing

and ironing. Final inspection: Sampling plans and AQL charts–Level of final inspection. Packing & packaging

quality tests. Care labelling.

UNIT – 10 :

Quality management-Basic concepts of Total Quality Management (TQM) –Principles of TQM–Quality

Trilogy–Four pillars of TQM–PDCA cycle & PDSA cycle–Kaizan concept–5‟S Philosophy–Quality circles.

Application of seven QC tools in apparel industry. Quality Standards–Definition of a standard, benefits of standards.

Understanding of ISO 9001:2000 standards.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No : 10

SUBJECT : DEFENCE STUDIES

SYLLABUS

UNIT- 1

THEORIES AND CONCEPTS

1. Defence and Strategic Studies : Assumptions and Approaches.

2. The Concepts of Nation:

•

State and Nation – State, Theories and Elements of State

•

National Power and its Components

3. Key Concepts of National Security: Defining National Security, National Defence and National Interest,

National Character and Evolution-of the National Security concept in the 20th Century and Beyond.

4. National Security Concerns of Major Powers, Middle Powers and Small Powers

5. National Security Structures: Armed Forces, Intelligence Agencies, Police Forces, Decision-Making Structures,

etc.

6. National Security Environment: Internal and External

7. Defence, Foreign, Security and Domestic Policies; Concept formulation, objectives and linkages.

8. Military Alliances and Pacts, Peace Treaties, Defence Cooperation, Strategic Partnership and Security Dialogue.

9. Non – Alignment, Balance of Power, Collective Security and Balance of Terror – Concept, Development

and Relevance.

10. Deterrence and Détente: Concept and contemporary relevance.

UNIT – 2

STRATEGIC THOUGHT

1. Contribution of Sun Tzu,

2. Kautilya,

3. Machiavelli,

4. Jomini,

5. Carl von Clausewitz,

6. General Giulio Douhet

7. W.Mitchell,

8. J.F.C.Fuller,

9. Capt.B.H.Liddell Hart,

10. Marx, Lenin, Mao Zedong and Che Guevara.

11. Nuclear Deterrence: Andre Beaufre, Henry Kissinger and K. Subrahmanyam.

12. Thoughts of Gandhi and Nehru on Peace, Security and Development.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT – 3

WAR AS AN INSTRUMENT IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

1. Theories and causes of War.

2. Principles of War.

3. Contemporary Warfare : Conventional Warfare in Nuclear age, Limited War, Revolutionary Warfare,

Low Intensity Operations, Guerilla Warfare, Insurgency and Counter – Insurgency.

4. Armaments : Arms Race, Arms Aid, Arms Trade, Arms Proliferation, Proliferation of Small Arms

5. Military Alliances and Pacts, Peace Treaties, Defence Cooperation, Strategic Partnership and Security Dialogue.

6. Terrorism : Concept and kinds (National, International and Cross border).

7. Conflicting Ideologies : Militarism, Nationalism, Fundamentalism, Separatism, Irredentism.

8. Concept and Elements of Deterrence: Nuclear & Conventional.

9. Evolution of Global Nuclear Doctrines

10. Democratic Peace Theory

UNIT – 4

WMD, NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION AND NATIONAL SECURITY

1. Basic Concepts and Theory

Concepts of Disarmament & Arms Control

II.

Objectives and Conditions of Disarmament

III.

Elements of Arms Control Mechanisms: Agreements, verification, inspection, control.

IV.

Approaches to Disarmament & Arms Control

2. Historical Survey of Disarmament Efforts:

Under the League of Nations

II.

Under the United Nations

III. Unilateral, Bilateral and Multilateral approaches

IV. Role of Non-aligned Nations in Disarmament Negotiations

3. Weapons of Mass Destruction: Nuclear, Chemical & Biological Weapons.

4. Nuclear Arms Limitation Nuclear Arms Control Treaties.

5. Chemical weapons Convention and Biological Weapons Convention

6. Concept of Non-proliferation, NPT, CTBT, PTBT, MTCR, FMCT & other treaties

7. Nuclear Export Control Regimes

8. New Challenges and Responses–Missile Defense, Cooperative Threat Reduction and G-7 Global Partnership

9. Disarmament & Arms Control and Economic Development

10. Terrorism and Nuclear Proliferation.

11. Concept of Star Wars and NMD

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT – 5

GLOBAL SECURITY CONCERNS

1. End of cold war and emergence of new world order.

2. Proliferation of Military, Nuclear and missile capabilities

3. Environmental Issues : Climate change and Global Warming, Desertification, Acid Rains, Industrial Pollution,

Deforestation

4. Organized Crimes : Money Laundering, Narco – trafficking, Human Trafficking and small arms proliferation.

5. Migrants and Refugees: (a) Causes (b) Illegal migration and border management (c) Problem in South Asia

(d) Role of International Committee of Red Cross and UN High Commission for Refugees.

6. Global Security Concerns: Palestinian-Israeli conflict & Arab Spring, Developments in Central Asian Republics

(CARs), Rise of Fundamentalism, Challenges in Korean Peninsula, Taiwan and Power Rivalry in South

China Sea.

7. Problem of System of Governance and Human Rights

8. Food Security, Energy Security and Water Security problems in modern era.

9. Millennium Development Goals.

UNIT – 6

INDIA’S SECURITY CONCERNS & POLICIES IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

1. Genesis of Sino-Indian Relations

2. The Boundary Dispute, Sino- Pakistan Nexus, OBOR and CPEC, China and India–Military Balance, Chinese

Policy towards South Asia.

3. Rise of India and China: Cooperation and Competition, Chinese Interests in Indian Ocean and South China

Sea

4. Strategic Dimension of India- Pakistan Relations: Genesis of India-Pakistan Conflict, Indo-Pak Military balance,

The Kashmir Question, Pakistan Sponsored Terrorism, Pakistan’s Nuclear Strategy, The Powers Structure

of Pakistan, Contentious. Issues: Siachin, Sir Creek, River Waters, etc.

5. India and South Asia: Issues and Challenges for Regional Cooperation.

6. Making of India’s Defence Policy since Independence: (a) Threat perception, assessment and preparedness

(b) Political and military lessons of 1948,1962, 1965, 1971, 1999 wars (c) Future trends

7. India’s Look East and Act East Policies, Indo–Pacific Cooperation, Strategic Partnerships.

8. India’s maritime security and strategy in 21st century: (a) Indian Ocean (b) Asia-Pacific region(c) Security

of Sea Lanes, India’s Maritime Strategy for the 21st Century.

9. India’s Defence Doctrines and Strategies including Nuclear Doctrine

10. Higher Defence Organization of India.

UNIT – 7

ISSUES IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION

1. Origin, Type and Structure of Conflict.

2. Ideologies and International conflicts.

3. Role of United Nations in Conflict Management and Re – Structuring of UNO

4. Techniques of Conflict Prevention

5. Conflict Management : Pacific Solutions of International Disputes, Coercive methods.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

6. International Humanitarian Laws and Laws of Armed Conflicts.

7. Confidence Building Measures : Concept, kinds and utility.

8. IGOs & NGOs in Conflict Resolution: Peace Making, Peace Keeping and Peace Building.

9. Gandhian Philosophy on Peace and Non-violence

10. Nehruvian approach to National Security and Cooperation

UNIT – 8

DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND NATIONAL SECURITY

1. Basic Concept & meaning of Disaster, Introduction to terminologies associated with Disaster and National

Security: Natural and Manmade, Vulnerability, Risk etc., Identifying various types of Disasters.

2. Natural Disaster and Human Induced Disaster: Floods, Cyclone, Earthquake, Tsunami–WMD Disaster–Disaster

associated with various industries

3. Study of Disaster in India / Around the World: Case Studies: Tsunami 2004, Bhopal Gas Tragedy, Chernobyl,

Fukushima, Uttarakhand etc.

4. Disaster Management: Meaning, Association and Distinction with related concepts like Disaster Mitigation,

Response and Recovery, Relief, and Reconstruction

5. Institutional Mechanism for Disaster Management in India: Role of Armed Forces, Central and State

Governments, NGO, National Disaster Management Authority, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information

Services.

UNIT – 9

DEFENCE ECONOMICS

1. Economic Theories of Defence.

2. Sustainable Development: Challenges & Responses.

3. Basics of Defence Planning, Determinants of Defence Expenditure.

4. Defence Budgeting.

5. Economic Causes of War.

6. Economic Warfare in modern times.

7. Economic Problems of Post War reconstruction.

8. National Security and International Trade regimes (WTO, TRIPS, TRIMS, FTA’s NAFTA, SAPTA & NSG).

9. India’s role in Regional and Global Economic Forums and Organizations.

10. Geo-economics and its Implications for global / regional economic stability

UNIT –10

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AND NATIONAL SECURITY

1. Broad Survey of Technological Changes from Industrial Revolution to Information Revolution.

2. India’s Civil Nuclear and Space Programs, India’s Energy Scenario.

3. Research and Development :

•

Relevance of Science and Technology in National Security.

•

Impact of Information Technology; Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA).

•

Choice of Weapon Systems.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No: 11

SUBJECT: ECONOMICS

SYLLABUS

Unit- 1:

Micro Economics

•

Theory of Consumer Behaviour

•

Theory of Production and Costs

•

Decision making under uncertainty Attitude towards Risk

•

Game Theory – Non Cooperative games

•

Market Structures, competitive and non-competitive equilibria and their efficiency properties

•

Factor Pricing

•

General Equilibrium Analysis

•

Efficiency Criteria: Pareto-Optimality, Kaldor – Hicks and Wealth Maximization

•

Welfare Economics: Fundamental Theorems, Social Welfare Function

•

Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard

Unit- 2:

Macro Economics

•

National Income: Concepts and Measurement

•

Determination of output and employment: Classical & Keynesian Approach

•

Consumption Function

•

Investment Function

•

Multiplier and Accelerator

•

Demand for Money

•

Supply of Money

•

IS – LM Model Approach

•

Inflation and Phillips Curve Analysis

•

Business Cycles

•

Monetary and Fiscal Policy

•

Rational Expectation Hypothesis and its critique

Unit- 3:

Statistics and Econometrics

•

Probability Theory: Concepts of probability, Distributions, Moments, Central Limit theorem

•

Descriptive Statistics – Measures of Central tendency & dispersions, Correlation, Index Numbers

•

Sampling methods & Sampling Distribution

•

Statistical Inferences, Hypothesis testing

•

Linear Regression Models and their properties – BLUE

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

•

Identification Problem

•

Simultaneous Equation Models – recursive and non-recursive

•

Discrete choice models

•

Time Series Analysis

Unit- 4:

Mathematical Economics

•

Sets, functions and continuity, sequence, series

•

Differential Calculus and its Applications

•

Linear Algebra – Matrices, Vector Spaces

•

Static Optimization Problems and their applications

•

Input-Output Model, Linear Programming

•

Difference and Differential equations with applications

Unit-5 :

International Economics

•

International Trade: Basic concepts and analytical tools

•

Theories of International Trade

•

International Trade under imperfect competition

•

Balance of Payments: Composition, Equilibrium and Disequilibrium and Adjustment Mechanisms

•

Exchange Rate: Concepts and Theories

•

Foreign Exchange Market and Arbitrage

•

Gains from Trade, Terms of Trade, Trade Multiplier

•

Tariff and Non-Tariff barriers to trade; Dumping

•

GATT, WTO and Regional Trade Blocks; Trade Policy Issues

•

IMF & World Bank

Unit-6 :

Public Economics

•

Market Failure and Remedial Measures: Asymmetric Information, Public Goods, Externality

•

Regulation of Market – Collusion and Consumers’ Welfare

•

Public Revenue: Tax & Non-Tax Revenue, Direct & Indirect Taxes, Progressive and non-Progressive Taxation,

Incidence and Effects of Taxation

•

Public expenditure

•

Public Debt and its management

•

Public Budget and Budget Multiplier

•

Fiscal Policy and its implications

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Unit-7 :

Money and Banking

•

Components of Money Supply

•

Central Bank

•

Commercial Banking

•

Instruments and Working of Monetary Policy

•

Non-banking Financial Institutions

•

Capital Market and its Regulation

Unit-8 :

Growth and Development Economics

•

Economic Growth and Economic Development

•

Theories of Economic Development: Adam Smith, Ricardo, Marx, Schumpeter, Rostow, Balanced &

Unbalanced growth, Big Push approach.

•

Models of Economic Growth: Harrod-Domar, Solow, Robinson, Kaldor

•

Technical progress – Disembodied & embodied; endogenous growth

•

Indicators of Economic Development: PQLI, HDI, SDGs

•

Poverty and Inequalities – Concepts and Measurement

•

Social Sector Development: Health, Education, Gender

Unit-9 :

Environmental Economics and Demography

•

Environment as a Public Good

•

Market Failure

•

Coase Theorem

•

Cost-Benefit Analysis and Compensation Criteria

•

Valuation of Environmental Goods

•

Theories of Population

•

Concepts and Measures: Fertility, Morbidity, Mortality

•

Age Structure, Demographic Dividend

•

Life Table

•

Migration

Unit-10 :

Indian Economy

•

Economic Growth in India: Pattern and Structure

•

Agriculture: Pattern & Structure of Growth, Major Challenges, Policy Responses

•

Industry: Pattern & Structure of Growth, Major Challenges, Policy Responses

•

Services: Pattern & Structure of Growth, Major Challenges, Policy Responses

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No : 12

SUBJECT: EDUCATION

SYLLABUS

Unit 1:

Educational Studies

a) Contribution of Indian Schools of philosophy (Sankhya Yoga, Vedanta, Buddhism, Jainism) with special

reference to Vidya, Dayan and Darshan; and Islamic traditions towards educational aims and methods of

acquiring valid knowledge.

b) Contribution of Western schools of thoughts (Idealism, Realism, Naturalism, Pragmatism, Marxism,

Existentialism) and their contribution to Education with special reference to information, knowledge and wisdom.

c) Approaches to Sociology of Education (symbolic Interaction, Structural Functionalism and Conflict Theory).

Concept and types of social Institutions and their functions (family, school and society), Concept of Social

Movements, Theories of Social Movements (Relative Deprivation, Resource Mobilization, Political Process

Theory and New Social Movement Theory).

d) Socialization and education- education and culture; Contribution of thinkers (Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath

Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, Aurobindo, J.Krishnamurthy, Paulo Freire, Wollstonecraft, Nel Noddings and Savitribai

Phule) to the development of educational thought for social change, National Values as enshrined in the

Indian Constitution–Socialism, Secularism, justice, liberty, democracy, equality, freedom with special reference

to education.

Unit 2:

History, Politics and Economics of Education

a) Committees and Commissions’ Contribution to Teacher Education Secondary Education Commission (1953),

Kothari Education Commission (1964-66), National Policy of Education (1986,1992), National Commission

on Teachers (1999), National Curriculum Framework 2005, National Knowledge Commission (2007), Yashpal

Committee Report (2009), National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education (2009), Justice Verma

Committee Report (2012).

b) Relationship between Policies and Education, Linkage between Educational Policy and National Development,

Determinants of Educational Policy and Process of Policy formulation: Analysis of the existing situation,

generation of policy options, evaluation of policy options, making the policy decision, planning of policy

implementation, policy impact assessment and subsequent policy cycles.

c) Concept of Economics of Education: Cost Benefit Analysis Vs Cost Effective Analysis in Education,

Economic returns to Higher Education Signaling Theory Vs Human Capital Theory, Concept of Educational

Finance; Educational finance at Micro and Macro Levels, Concept of Budgeting.

d) Relationship Between Politics and Education, Perspectives of Politics of Education Liberal, Conservative

and Critical, Approaches to understanding Politics (Behaviouralism, Theory of Systems Analysis and Theory

of Rational Choice), Education for Political Development and Political Socialization.

Unit 3:

Learner and Learning Process

a) Growth and Development: Concept and principles, Cognitive Processes and stages of Cognitive Development,

Personality: Definitions and theories (Freud, Carl Rogers, Gordon Allport, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka), Mental

health and Mental hygiene.

b) Approaches to Intelligence from Unitary to Multiple: Concepts of Social intelligence, multiple intelligence,

emotional intelligence Theories of Intelligence by Sternberg, Gardner, Assessment of Intelligence, Concepts

of Problem Solving, Critical thinking, Metacognition and Creativity.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

c) Principles and Theories of learning: Behaviouristic, Cognitive and Social theories of learning, Factors

affecting social learning, social competence, Concept of social cognition, understanding social relationship

and socialization goals.

d) Guidance and Counselling: Nature, Principles and Need, Types of guidance (educational, vocational,

personal, health and social & Directive, Non-directive and Eclectic), Approaches to counselling – Cognitive-

Behavioural (Albert Ellis – REBT) & Humanistic, Person- centred Counselling (Carl Rogers)–Theories of

Counselling (Behaviouristic, Rational, Emotive and Reality).

Unit 4:

Teacher Education

a) Meaning, Nature and Scope of Teacher Education; Types of Teacher Education Programs, The Structure

of Teacher Education Curriculum and its Vision in Curriculum Documents of NCERT and NCTE at Elementary,

Secondary and Higher Secondary Levels, Organization of Components of Pre-service Teacher Education

Transactional Approaches (for foundation courses) Expository, Collaborative and Experiential learning.

b) Understanding Knowledge base of Teacher Education from the view point of Schulman, Deng and Luke

& Habermas, Meaning of Reflective Teaching and Strategies for Promoting Reflective Teaching, Models of

Teacher Education–Behaviouristic, Competency-based and Inquiry Oriented Teacher Education Models.

c) Concept, Need, Purpose and Scope of In-service Teacher Education, Organization and Modes of In-service

Teacher Education, Agencies and Institutions of In-service Teacher Education at District, State and National

Levels (SSA, RMSA, SCERT, NCERT, NCTE and UGC), Preliminary Consideration in Planning in-service

teacher education programme (Purpose, Duration, Resources and Budget).

d) Concept of Profession and Professionalism, Teaching as a Profession, Professional Ethics of Teachers,

Personal and Contextual factors affecting Teacher Development, ICT Integration, Quality Enhancement for

Professionalization of Teacher Education, Innovation in Teacher Education.

Unit 5:

Curriculum Studies

a) Concept and Principles of Curriculum, Strategies of Curriculum Development, Stages in the Process of

Curriculum development, Foundations of Curriculum Planning–Philosophical Bases (National, democratic),

Sociological basis (socio cultural reconstruction), Psychological Bases (learner’s needs and interests), Bench

marking and Role of National level Statutory Bodies–UGC, NCTE and University in Curriculum Development.

b) Models of Curriculum Design: Traditional and Contemporary Models (Academic / Discipline Based Model,

Competency Based Model, Social Functions / Activities Model [social reconstruction], Individual Needs &

Interests Model, Outcome Based Integrative Model, Intervention Model, C I P P Model (Context, Input,

Process, Product Model).

c) Instructional System, Instructional Media, Instructional Techniques and Material in enhancing curriculum

Transaction, Approaches to Evaluation of Curriculum: Approaches to Curriculum and Instruction (Academic and

Competency Based Approaches), Models of Curriculum Evaluation: Tyler’s Model, Stake’s Model, Scriven’s

Model, Kirkpatrick’s Model.

d) Meaning and types of Curriculum change, Factors affecting curriculum change, Approaches to curriculum

change, Role of students, teachers and educational administrators in curriculum change and improvement,

Scope of curriculum research and Types of Research in Curriculum Studies.

Unit 6:

Research in Education

a) Meaning and Scope of Educational Research, Meaning and steps of Scientific Method, Characteristics of

Scientific Method (Replicability, Precision, Falsifiability and Parsimony), Types of Scientific Method (Exploratory,

Explanatory and Descriptive), Aims of research as a scientific activity: Problem-solving, Theory Building

and Prediction, Types of research (Fundamental, Applied and Action), Approaches to educational research

(Quantitative and Qualitative), Designs in educational research (Descriptive, Experimental and Historical).

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

b) Variables: Meaning of Concepts, Constructs and Variables, Types of Variables (Independent, Dependent,

Extraneous, Intervening and Moderator), Hypotheses–Concept, Sources, Types (Research, Directional,

Non-directional, Null), Formulating Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis, Steps of Writing

a Research Proposal, Concept of Universe and Sample, Characteristics of a good Sample, Techniques of

Sampling (Probability and Non-probability Sampling), Tools of Research–Validity, Reliability and Standardisation

of a Tool, Types of Tools (Rating scale, Attitude scale, Questionnaire, Aptitude test and Achievement Test,

Inventory), Techniques of Research (Observation, Interview and Projective Techniques).

c) Types of Measurement Scale (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio), Quantitative Data Analysis–Descriptive

data analysis (Measures of central tendency, variability, fiduciary limits and graphical presentation of data),

Testing of Hypothesis (Type I and Type II Errors), Levels of Significance, Power of a statistical test and

effect size, Parametric Techniques, Non–Parametric Techniques, Conditions to be satisfied for using parametric

techniques, Inferential data analysis, Use and Interpretation of statistical techniques: Correlation, t-test, z-test,

ANOVA, chi-square (Equal Probability and Normal Probability Hypothesis). Qualitative Data Analysis–Data

Reduction and Classification, Analytical Induction and Constant Comparison, Concept of Triangulation.

d) Qualitative Research Designs: Grounded Theory Designs (Types, characteristics, designs, Steps in

conducting a GT research, Strengths and Weaknesses of GT)–Narrative Research Designs (Meaning and

key Characteristics, Steps in conducting NR design), Case Study (Meaning, Characteristics, Components

of a CS design, Types of CS design, Steps of conducting a CS research, Strengths and weaknesses),

Ethnography (Meaning, Characteristics, Underlying assumptions, Steps of conducting ethnographic research,

Writing ethnographic account, Strengths and weaknesses), Mixed Method Designs: Characteristics, Types of

MM designs (Triangulation, explanatory and exploratory designs), Steps in conducting MM designs, Strengths

and weaknesses of MM research.

Unit 7:

Pedagogy, Andragogy and Assessment

a) Pedagogy, Pedagogical Analysis–Concept and Stages, Critical Pedagogy- Meaning, Need

and its implications in Teacher Education, Organizing Teaching: Memory Level (Herbartian

Model), Understanding Level (Morrison teaching Model), Reflective Level (Bigge and Hunt

teaching Model), Concept of Andragogy in Education: Meaning, Principles, Competencies of

Self-directed Learning, Theory of Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles), The Dynamic Model of Learner Autonomy.

b) Assessment – Meaning, nature, perspectives (Assessment for Learning and Assessment of Learning)–

Types of Assessment (Placement, formative, diagnostic, summative) Relation between objectives and

outcomes, Assessment of Cognitive (Anderson and Krathwohl), Affective (Krathwohl) and psychomotor domains

(R.H. Dave) of learning.

c) Assessment in Pedagogy of Education: Feedback Devices: Meaning, Types, Criteria, Guidance as a

Feedback Devices: Assessment of Portfolios, Reflective Journal, Field Engagement using Rubrics, Competency

Based Evaluation, Assessment of Teacher Prepared ICT Resources.

d) Assessment in Andragogy of Education–Interaction Analysis: Flander’s Interaction analysis, Galloway’s

system of interaction analysis (Recording of Classroom Events, Construction and Interpretation of Interaction

Matrix), Criteria for teacher evaluation (Product, Process and Presage criteria, Rubrics for Self and Peer

evaluation (Meaning, steps of construction)).

Unit 8:

Technology in/ for Education

a) Concept of Educational Technology (ET) as a Discipline: (Information Technology, Communication Technology

& Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Instructional Technology, Applications of Educational

Technology in formal, non–formal (Open and Distance Learning), informal and inclusive education systems,

Overview of Behaviourist, Cognitive and Constructivist Theories and their implications to Instructional Design

(Skinner, Piaget, Ausubel, Bruner, Vygotsky), Relationship between Learning Theories and Instructional Strategies

(for large and small groups, formal and non formal groups).

b) Systems Approach to Instructional Design, Models of Development of Instructional Design (ADDIE, ASSURE,

Dick and Carey Model Mason’s), Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction and Five E’s of Constructivism, Nine

Elements of Constructivist Instructional Design, Application of Computers in Education: CAI, CAL, CBT, CML,

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Concept, Process of preparing ODLM, Concept of e learning, Approaches to e learning (Offline, Online,

Synchronous, Asynchronous, Blended learning, mobile learning).

c) Emerging Trends in e learning: Social learning (concept , use of web 2.0 tools for learning,

social networking sites, blogs, chats, video conferencing, discussion forum), Open Education

Resources (Creative Common, Massive Open Online Courses; Concept and application),

e Inclusion–Concept of e Inclusion, Application of Assistive technology in e learning, Quality of

e Learning – Measuring quality of system: Information, System, Service, User Satisfaction and Net Benefits

(D&M IS Success Model, 2003), Ethical Issues for e Learner and e Teacher–Teaching, Learning and Research.

d) Use of ICT in Evaluation, Administration and Research: e portfolios, ICT for Research–Online Repositories

and Online Libraries, Online and Offline assessment tools (Online survey tools or test generators) – Concept

and Development.

Unit 9:

Educational Management, Administration and Leadership

a) Educational Management and Administration – Meaning, Principles, Functions and importance, Institutional

building, POSDCORB, CPM, PERT, Management as a system, SWOT analysis, Taylorism, Administration

as a process, Administration as a bureaucracy, Human relations approach to Administration, Organisational

compliance, Organinsational development, Organisational climate.

b) Leadership in Educational Administration: Meaning and Nature, Approaches to leadership: Trait, Transformational,

Transactional, Value based, Cultural, Psychodynamic and Charismatic, Models of Leadership (Blake and

Mouton’s Managerial Grid, Fiedler’s Contingency Model, Tri-dimensional Model, Hersey and Blanchard’s Model,

Leader-Member Exchange Theory).

c) Concept of Quality and Quality in Education: Indian and International perspective, Evolution of Quality:

Inspection, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Total Quality Management (TQM), Six sigma, Quality Gurus:

Walter Shewart, Edward Deming, C.K Prahalad.

d) Change Management: Meaning, Need for Planned change, Three-Step-Model of Change (Unfreezing, Moving,

Refreezing), The Japanese Models of Change: Just-in-Time, Poka yoke, Cost of Quality: Appraisal Costs,

Failure costs and Preventable costs, Cost Benefit Analysis, Cost Effective Analysis, Indian and International

Quality Assurance Agencies: Objectives, Functions, Roles and Initiatives (National Assessment Accreditation

Council [NAAC], Performance Indicators, Quality Council of India [QCI], International Network for Quality

Assurance Agencies in Higher Education [INQAAHE].

Unit 10:

Inclusive Education

a) Inclusive Education: Concept, Principles, Scope and Target Groups (Diverse learners; Including Marginalized

group and Learners with Disabilities), Evolution of the Philosophy of Inclusive Education: Special, Integrated,

Inclusive Education, Legal Provisions: Policies and Legislations (National Policy of Education (1986), Programme

of Action (1992), Persons with Disabilities Act (1995), National Policy of Disabilities (2006), National Curriculum

Framework (2005), Concession and Facilities to Diverse Learners (Academic and Financial), Rehabilitation

Council of India Act (1992), Inclusive Education under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Features of UNCRPD

(United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) and its Implication.

b) Concept of Impairment, Disability and Handicap, Classification of Disabilities based on ICF Model, Readiness

of School and Models of Inclusion, Prevalence, Types, Characteristics and Educational Needs of Diverse

learners’ Intellectual, Physical and Multiple Disabilities, Causes and prevention of disabilities, Identification of

Diverse Learners for Inclusion, Educational Evaluation Methods, Techniques and Tools.

c) Planning and Management of Inclusive Classrooms: Infrastructure, Human Resource and Instructional

Practices, Curriculum and Curricular Adaptations for Diverse Learners, Assistive and Adaptive Technology

for Diverse learners: Product (Aids and Appliances) and Process (Individualized Education Plan, Remedial

Teaching), Parent- Professional Partnership: Role of Parents, Peers, Professionals, Teachers, School.

d) Barriers and Facilitators in Inclusive Education: Attitude, Social and Educational, Current Status and Ethical

Issues of inclusive education in India, Research Trends of Inclusive Education in India.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No. 13

SUBJECT: ELECTRONICS / ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

SYLLABUS

UNIT-1. Electronic Devices

Introduction to Semiconductors, energy bands in solids, concept of effective mass, density of states, Fermi

levels. PN Junction, Diode equation and diode equivalent circuit, Breakdown in diodes, Zener diode, Tunnel diode,

Metal semiconductor junction – Ohmic and Schottky contacts, Characteristics and equivalent circuits of JFET,

MOSFET. Low dimensional semiconductor devices– quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots. High Electron

Mobility Transistor (HEMT), Solar cells, I-V characteristics, fill factor and efficiency, LED, LCD and flexible display

devices. Photodetectors and Optical fiber devices.

UNIT-2. IC Fabrication Technology

IC fabrication – crystal growth, epitaxy, oxidation, lithography, doping, etching, isolation methods, metallization,

bonding, Thin film deposition and characterization Techniques: XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, Thin film active and passive

devices, MOS technology and VLSI, scaling of MOS devices, NMOS and CMOS structures and fabrication,

Characteristics of MOS transistors and threshold voltage, NMOS and CMOS inverters, Charge-Coupled Devices

(CCD) – structure, charge storage and transfer, Basics of VLSI design, stick diagrams, Layout design rules.

UNIT-3. Network Theorems and AC Circuits

Superposition, Thevenin, Norton and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems, Network elements,

Network graphs, Nodal and Mesh analysis. Laplace Transform, Fourier Transform and Z-transform.

Time and frequency domain response, Passive filters,Two-port Network Parameters: Z,Y, ABCD and

h-parameters, Transfer functions, Signal representation, State variable method of circuit analysis, AC circuit analysis,

Transient analysis, Zero and Poles, Bode Plots. Continuous time signals, Fourier Series and Fourier transform

representations, Sampling theorem and applications, Discrete time signal, Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), Fast

Fourier transform (FFT), Basic concepts of digital signal processing, digital filters– IIR, FIR.

UNIT– 4. Amplifiers , Oscillators and wave shaping Circuits

Rectifiers, Voltage regulated ICs and regulated power supply, Biasing of Bipolar junction transistors and FETs,

operating point and stability, Amplifiers, Classifiction of amplifiers, Concept feed back, Hartley, Colpitt’s and Phase

Shift oscillators, Operational amplifiers (OPAMP)–characteristics, computational applications, comparators, Schmitt

trigger, Instrumentation amplifiers, wave shaping circuits, Phase locked loops, Active filters, Multivibrators, Voltage

to frequency convertors (V/F), frequency to voltage convertors(F/V).

UNIT-5. Logic Families

Logic Families, Logic Gates, Boolean algebra and minimization techniques, Combinational circuits, Programmable

Logic Devices (PLD), CPLD, flip-flops, memories, Sequential Circuits: Counters – Ring, Ripple, Synchronous,

Asynchronous, Shift registers, multiplexers and de-multiplexers, A/D and D/A converters, Analysis and Design

of fundamental mode state machines: State variables and State diagram. Sequential PLD, FPGA, Analysis and

Design of digital circuits using HDL.

UNIT-6. Microprocessor, Microcontroller and Interfacing

Introduction of Microprocessor 8085 and 8086: Architecture, Addressing modes, instruction

set, interrupts, Programming, Memory and I/O interfacing. Introduction of Microcontrollers – 8051

for embedded systems, Architecture and register set of Microcontroller 8051, Addressing modes,

Instruction set of 8051 – Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic and Logic instructions, bit-level and

byte-level control transfer instructions, 8051 assembly programming – stack operations, subroutines, interrupts, 8051

programming as timer/counter, 8051 serial communication, 8051 interfacing RS232, LED/LCD display, Keyboard,

Stepper motor.

UNIT-7. Antenna Design and Wave Propagation

Electrostatics–vector calculus, Gauss’s Law, Laplace and Poisson’s equations, Magnetostatics – Biot Savert’s

law, Ampere’s law and electromagnetic induction, Maxwell’s equations and wave equations, Plane wave propagation

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

in free-space, dielectrics and conductors, Poynting theorem, reflection and refraction, polarization, interference,

coherence and diffraction, transmission lines and waveguides – line equations, impedance, reflections and

voltage standing wave ratio, rectangular waveguides. Antennas–retarded potential and Hertzian dipole, half wave

antenna, antenna patterns, radiation intensity, gain, effective area and Frii’s free space receiver power equation.

Microwave Sources and Devices-Reflex Klystron, Magnetron, TWT, Gunn diode, IMPATT diode, Crystal Detector and

PIN diode. Radar – block diagram of radar, frequencies and power used, Radar range equation.

UNIT-8. Analog and Digital communication

Analog modulation and demodulation-AM, FM and PM, Principle of super heterodyne receiver, Random signals,

noise, noise temperature and noise figure, Basic concepts of information theory, Error detection and correction,

Digital modulation and demodulation – PCM, ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK, QPSK and QAM, Time and Frequency-

Division Multiplexing, Multiple Access techniques, Data Communications–Modems, Codes, Principles of Mobile

and Satellite Communication, Optical communication, Optical sources–LED, spontaneous and stimulated emission,

semiconductor Lasers, Detectors – PIN photodiodes, Avalanche photodiodes (APD), Optical fibers – attenuation

and dispersion characteristics, Bandwidth, Wavelength division multiplexing. Fundamentals of Internet of Things

(IoT) for communication.

UNIT-9. Power Electronics

Power devices – characteristics of SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, power transistors, Protection of thyristors against over

voltage and over current. SCR triggering–dv/dt and di/dt, triggering with single pulse and train of pulses, A.C. and

D.C. motors–construction and speed control. Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS). Uninterrupted Power Supply

(UPS).Open and closed-loop control systems, Block diagram reduction techniques, transfer function and signal flow

diagram, Stability criterion: Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist plot, On-off controller, Proportional(P),Proportional-Integral(PI),

Proportional-Derivative (PD), PID controllers.

UNIT– 10. Electronic Instrumentation

Transducers–Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, Piezoelectric, Thermoelectric, Hall effect, Photoelectric,

Measurement of displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, torque, strain, temperature, pressure, flow, humidity,

thickness, pH. Measuring Equipment – Measurement of R, L and C, Bridge and Potentiometers, voltage, current,

power, energy, frequency/time, phase, Digital Multimeters, CRO, Digital Storage Oscilloscope, Spectrum Analyzer,

Biomedical Instruments – ECG, EEG, Blood Pressure Measurements, MEMS / NEMS and its applications–Sensors for

IoT applications.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No: 15

SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

SYLLABUS

Unit-1:

Fundamentals of Environmental Sciences

Definition, Principles and Scope of Environmental Science. Environmental education and awareness. Environmental

ethics.

Structure and composition of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.

Laws of thermodynamics, heat transfer processes, mass and energy transfer across various interfaces, material

balance.

Meteorological parameters–pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, mixing ratio, saturation mixing ratio,

radiation and wind velocity, adiabatic lapse rate, environmental lapse rate. Wind roses.

Interaction between Man and Environment. Environmental susceptibility, utilization of resources, man-made

imbalance in the environment. Biogeographic provinces of the world and agro-climatic zones of India. Concept of

sustainable development.

Natural resources and their assessment. Remote Sensing and GIS: Principles of remote sensing and GIS. Digital image

processing and ground truthing. Application of remote sensing and GIS in land cover/land use planning and management

(urban sprawling, vegetation study, forestry, natural resource), waste management and climate change.

UNIT 2

Environmental Chemistry

Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry: Classification of elements, Stoichiometry, Gibbs’ energy, chemical

potential, chemical kinetics, chemical equilibria, solubility of gases in water, the carbonate system, unsaturated and

saturated hydrocarbons, radioisotopes. Composition of air. Particles, ions and radicals in the atmosphere. Chemical

speciation. Chemical processes in the formation of inorganic and organic particulate matters, thermochemical and

photochemical reactions in the atmosphere, Oxygen and Ozone chemistry. Photochemical smog. Hydrological cycle.

Biogeochemical cycles–nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus and sulphur.

Toxic chemicals: Pesticides and their classification and effects. Biochemical aspects of heavy metals

(Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr) and metalloids (As, Se). CO, O3, PAN, VOC and POP. Carcinogens in the air.

Principles of analytical methods: Titrimetry, Gravimetry, Bomb Calorimetry, Chromatography (Paper Chromatography,

TLC, GC and HPLC), Flame photometry, Spectrophotometry (UV-VIS, AAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS), Electrophoresis,

XRF, XRD, NMR, FTIR, GC-MS, Microscopy SEM, TEM.

Unit 3

Environmental Biology

Ecology as an inter- disciplinary science. Origin of life and speciation. Human Ecology and Settlement.

Ecosystem Structure and functions: Structures–Biotic and Abiotic components. Functions – Energy flow

in ecosystems, energy flow models, food chains and food webs. Ecological pyramids. Ecological succession.

Biodiversity–Species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity Concept of ecotone, edge effects, ecological

habitats and niche. Ecosystem stability and factors affecting stability. Ecosystem services.

Basis of Ecosystem classification. Types of Ecosystem: Desert (hot and cold), forest (tropical, deciduous and

conifers), Grasslands wetlands, Aquatic marine and freshwater estuarine (mangrove).

Biomes: Concept, classification and distribution. Characteristics of different biomes: Tundra, Taiga, Grassland,

Deciduous forest biome, Highland Icy Alpine Biome, Chapparal, Savanna, Tropical Rain forest.

Population ecology: Characteristics of population, concept of carrying capacity, population growth and regulations.

Population fluctuations, dispersion and meta population. Concept of ‘r’ and ‘k’ species. Keystone species.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Community ecology: Definition, community concept, types and interaction–predation, herbivory, parasitism and

allelopathy. Biological invasions.

Biodiversity and its conservation: Definition, types, importance of biodiversity and threats to biodiversity. Concept

and basis of identification of ‘Hotspots’; hotspots in India. Measures of biodiversity. Strategies for biodiversity

conservation: in situ, ex situ and in vitro conservation. National parks, Sanctuaries, Protected areas and Sacred

groves in India. Concepts of gene pool, biopiracy and bio-prospecting. Concept of restoration ecology. Extinct,

Rare, Endangered and Threatened flora and fauna of India.

UNIT 4

Environmental Geosciences

Origin of earth. Primary geochemical differentiation and formation of core, mantle, crust, atmosphere and

hydrosphere. Concept of minerals and rocks. Formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Controls on formation

of landforms–tectonic including plate tectonic and climatic. Concept of steady state and equilibrium, Energy budget

of the earth. Earth’s thermal environment and seasons. Coriolis force, pressure gradient force, frictional force,

geo-strophic wind field, gradient wind. Climates of India, western disturbances, Indian monsoon, droughts, El Nino,

La Nina. Concept of residence time and rates of natural cycles. Geophysical fields.

Weathering including weathering reactions, erosion, transportation and deposition of sediments. Soil forming

minerals and process of soil formation, identification and characterization of clay minerals, Soil physical and chemical

properties, soil types and climate control on soil formation, Cation exchange capacity and mineralogical controls.

Geochemical classification of elements, abundance of elements in bulk earth, crust, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Partitioning of elements during surficial geologic processes, Geochemical recycling of elements. Paleoclimate.

Distribution of water in earth, hydrology and hydrogeology, major basins and groundwater provinces of India,

Darcy’s law and its validity, groundwater fluctuations, hydraulic conductivity, groundwater tracers, land subsidence,

effects of excessive use of groundwater, groundwater quality. Pollution of groundwater resources, Ghyben-Herzberg

relation between fresh-saline water.

Natural resource exploration and exploitation and related environmental concerns. Historical perspective and

conservation of non-renewable resources.

Disaster management: Natural Hazards: Catastrophic geological hazards–floods, landslides, earthquakes,

volcanism, avalanche, tsunami and cloud bursts. Prediction of hazards and mitigation of their impacts.

Unit 5

Energy and Environment

Sun as source of energy; solar radiation and its spectral characteristics. Fossil fuels: classification, composition,

physic–chemical characteristics and energy content of coal, petroleum and natural gas. Shale oil, Coal bed Methane,

Gas hydrates. Gross-calorific value and net-calorific value.

Principles of generation of hydro-power, tidal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, wind power, geothermal

energy, solar energy (solar collectors, photo-voltaic modules, solar ponds).

Nuclear energy–fission and fusion, Nuclear fuels, Nuclear reactor – principles and types.

Bioenergy: methods to produce energy from biomass.

Environmental implications of energy use; energy use pattern in India and the world, emissions of CO2 in

developed and developing countries including India, radiative forcing and global warming. Impacts of large scale

exploitation of solar, wind, hydro and nuclear energy sources.

Environmental Pollution and Control

Air Pollution:

Sources and types of Pollutants- Natural and anthropogenic sources, primary and secondary pollutants. Criteria

air pollutants. Sampling and monitoring of air pollutants (gaseous and particulates); period, frequency and duration

of sampling. Principles and instruments for measurements of (i) ambient air pollutants concentration and (ii) stack

emissions. Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Impact of air pollutants on human health, plants and

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

materials. Acid rain. Dispersion of air pollutants. Mixing height/depth, lapse rates, Gaussian plume model, line

source model and area source model. Control devices for particulate matter: Principle and working of: settling

chamber, centrifugal collectors, wet collectors, fabric filters and electrostatic precipitator. Control of gaseous pollutants

through adsorption, absorption, condensation and combustion including catalytic combustion. Indoor air pollution,

Vehicular emissions and Urban air quality.

Noise Pollution:

Sources, weighting networks, measurement of noise indices (Leq, L10, L90, L50, LDN, TNI). Noise dose and

Noise Pollution standards. Noise control and abatement measures: Active and Passive methods. Vibrations and

their measurements. Impact of noise and vibrations on human health.

UNIT 6

Water Pollution:

Sources of water–Types and sources of water pollution. Impact on humans, plants and animals. Measurement

of water quality parameters: sampling and analysis for pH, EC, turbidity, TDS, hardness, chlorides, salinity,

DO, BOD, COD, nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, heavy metals and organic contaminants. Microbiological analysis –

MPN. Indian standards for drinking water (IS:10500, 2012). Drinking water treatment: Coagulation and flocculation,

Sedimentation and Filtration, Disinfection and Softening. Wastewater Treatment: Primary, Secondary and tertiary.

Advanced treatment methods. Common effluent treatment plant.

Soil Pollution:

Physico- chemical and biological properties of soil (texture, structure, inorganic and organic components).

Analysis of soil quality. Soil Pollution control. Industrial effluents and their interactions with soil components.

Soil micro – organisms and their functions – degradation of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers.

Thermal, Marine Pollution and Radioactive:

Sources of Thermal Pollution, Heat Islands, causes and consequences. Sources and impact of Marine Pollution.

Methods of Abatement of Marine Pollution. Coastal management. Radioactive pollution – sources, biological effects

of ionizing radiations, radiation exposure and radiation standards, radiation protection.

Concept of Industrial Ecology:

Toxicology and Microbiology: Absorption, distribution and excretion of toxic agents, acute and chronictoxicity,

concept of bioassay, threshold limit value, margin of safety, therapeutic index, biotransformation. Major water borne

diseases and air borne microbes.

Environmental Biotechnology: Bioremediation–definition, types and role of plants and microbes for in situ and

ex situ remediation. Bioindicators, Biofertilizers, Biofuels and Biosensors.

UNIT 7

Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Solid Waste- types and sources. Solid waste characteristics, generation rates, solid waste components,

proximate and ultimate analyses of solid wastes. Three R’s

Solid waste collection and transportation: container systems–hauled and stationary, layout of collection routes,

transfer stations and transportation.

Solid waste processing and recovery – Recycling, recovery of materials for recycling and direct manufacture

of solid waste products. Electrical energy generation from solid waste (Fuel pellets, Refuse derived fuels),

composting and vermicomposting, biomethanation of solid waste. Disposal of solid wastes – sanitary land filling

and its management, incineration of solid waste.

Hazardous waste – Types, characteristics and health impacts. Hazardous waste management: Treatment

Methods – neutralization, oxidation reduction, precipitation, solidification, stabilization, incineration and final disposal.

e-waste: classification, methods of handling and disposal.

Flyash: sources, composition and utilisation.

Plastic waste: sources, consequences and management.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT 8

Environmental Assessment, Management and Legislation

Aims and objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and

Environmental Management Plan (EMP). EIA Guidelines. Impact Assessment Methodologies. Procedure for reviewing EIA

of developmental projects. Life-cycle analysis, cost- benefit analysis. Guidelines for Environmental Audit. Environmental

Planning as a part of EIA and Environmental Audit. Environmental Management System Standards (ISO14000 series).

EIA Notification, 2006 and amendments from time to time. Eco-labeling schemes.

Risk Assessment–Hazard identification, Hazard accounting, Scenarios of exposure, Risk characterization and

Risk management.

Overview of Environmental Laws in India: Constitutional provisions in India (Article 48A and 51A).

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 amendments 1991, Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Indian Forest Act, Revised

1982, Biological Diversity Act, 2002, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 amended 1988

and Rules 1975, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 amended 1987 and Rules 1982,

Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and Rules 1986, Motor Vehicle Act, 1988, The Hazardous and Other

Waste (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016,

The Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016, The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, Thee-waste

(Management) Rules 2016, The Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016, The Manufacture,

Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (Amendment) Rules, 2000, The Batteries (Management and Handling)

Rules, 2010 with Amendments, The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and Rules 1991, Noise Pollution (Regulation

and Control) Rules, 2000, Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) 1991 amended from time to time.

National Forest Policy, 1988, National Water Policy, 2002, National Environmental Policy, 2006.

Environmental Conventions and Agreements: Stockholm Conference on Human Environment 1972, Montreal

Protocol, 1987, Conference of Parties (COPs), Basel Convention (1989, 1992), Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

(1971), Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, 1992, Agenda-21, Global Environmental Facility (GEF), Convention on

Biodiversity (1992), UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, 1997, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Earth Summit at

Johannesburg, 2002, RIO+20, UN Summit on Millennium Development Goals, 2000, Copenhagen Summit, 2009.

IPCC, UNEP, IGBP.

Unit 9

Statistical Approaches and Modelling in Environmental Sciences

Attributes and Variables: Types of variables, scales of measurement, measurement of Central

tendency and Dispersion, Standard error, Moments –measure of Skewness and Kurtosis, Basic concept

of probability theory, Sampling theory, Distributions–Normal, log–normal, Binomial, Poisson, t,

2 and

F- distribution. Correlation, Regression, tests of hypothesis (t-test,

2-test ANOVA: one-way and two-way); significance

And confidence limits.

Approaches to development of environmental models; linear, simple and multiple regression models, validation

and forecasting. Models of population growth and interactions: Lotka-Voltera model, Leslie’s matrix model.

Contemporary Environmental Issues

Global Environmental Issues – Biodiversity loss, Global warming, acid rain, greenhouse effect, Climate change,

Ozone layer depletion. Sea level rise. International efforts for environmental protection.

National Action Plan on Climate Change (Eight National missions–National Solar Mission, National Mission

for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, National Water Mission, National Mission

for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, National Mission for a ‘Green India’, National Mission for Sustainable

Agriculture, National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change).

Current Environmental Issues in India: Environmental issues related to water resource projects–Narmada

dam, Tehri dam, Almatti dam, Cauvery and Mahanadi, Hydro-power projects in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal and

North-Eastern States.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No: 16

SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY

SYLLABUS

UNIT-1 :

Geomorphology

Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces. Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic

Cycle (Davis and Penck), Theories and Process of Slope Development, Earth Movements (seismicity, folding,

faulting and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes,

landslides and avalanches).

UNIT-2 :

Climatology

Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, Temperature, Pressure and

Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical

and temperate), Climatic Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern

Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and

Cold waves Drought and Cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of

Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate.

UNIT-3 :

Oceanography

Relief of Oceans, Composition: Temperature, Density and Salinity, Circulation: Warm and Cold Currents, Waves,

Tides, Sea Level Changes, Hazards: Tsunami and Cyclone

Geography of Environment Components: Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology,

Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen), Food

Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and

Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric

Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies: Legal Framework,

Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International Programmes and Polices (Brundtland Commission,

Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement)

UNIT-4 :

Population and Settlement Geography

Population Geography

Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data reliability and errors). World

Population Distribution (measures, patterns and determinants), World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern

period). Demographic Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality

Analysis (indices, determinants and world patterns). Migration (types, causes and consequences and models),

Population Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and educational levels),

Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries.

Settlement Geography

Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution), Contemporary Problems of Rural Settlements (rural-urban

migration; land use changes; land acquisition and transactions), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri

Pirenne, Lewis Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries

(factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, structure and functions of urban areas). Urban Systems

(the law of the primate city and rank size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch), Internal Structure

of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman ,and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global

Cities and Edge Cities, Changing Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban , ring and satellite

towns), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation of Poverty in the City (slums,

informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion).

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT-5 :

Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development

Economic Geography

Factors affecting spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary), Natural

Resources (classification, distribution and associated problems), Natural Resources Management. World Energy

Crises in Developed and Developing Countries.

Agricultural Geography

Land capability classification and Land Use Planning, Cropping Pattern: Methods of delineating crop combination

regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop diversification, Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning. Measurement

and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional variations in Agricultural Productivity, Agricultural Systems

of the World.

Industrial Geography

Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover,

August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith). World Industrial Regions, Impact of Globalisation on manufacturing sector

in Less Developed Countries, Tourism Industry, World distribution and growth of Information And Communication

Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Education and R & D) Industries.

UNIT-6 :

Geography of Transport and Trade

Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst) Measures and Indices of connectivity

and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variants, World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and

Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns. Problems and Prospects of Inter and IntraRegional Cooperation and Trade.

Regional Development

Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities, Theories of Regional Development

(Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman) Dependency theory of Underdevelopment, Global Economic

Blocks, Regional Development and Social Movements in India

Unit– 7 :

Cultural, Social and Political Geography Cultural and Social Geography

Concept of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Ecology. Cultural

Convergence, Social Structure and Processes, Social Well-being and Quality of Life, Social Exclusion, Spatial

distribution of social groups in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion and Language), Environment and Human Health,

Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, classification and spatial and seasonal distributional

patterns with special reference to India) Health Care Planning and Policies in India, Medical Tourism in India.

Political Geography

Boundaries and Frontiers (with special reference to India), Heartland and Rimland Theories. Trends and

Developments in Political Geography, Geography of Federalism, Electoral Reforms in India, Determinants of Electoral

Behaviour, Geopolitics of Climate Change, Geopolitics of World Resources, Geo-politics of India Ocean, Regional

Organisations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU). Neopolitics of World Natural Resources.

UNIT- 8 :

Geographic Thought

Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese and Indian Scholars, Contributions of

Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Scheafer &

Hartshorne), Impact of Darwinian Theory on Geographical Thought. Contemporary trends in Indian

Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological contributions. Major Geographic Traditions

(Earth Science, man-environment relationship, area studies and spatial analysis), Dualisms in Geographic Studies

(physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic), Paradigm Shift,

Perspectives in Geography (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism and Postmodernism).

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT- 9 :

Geographical Techniques

Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial), Types of Maps, Techniques of

Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, Chorochromatic, Flow Maps) Data Representation on Maps

(Pie diagrams, Bar diagrams and Line Graph, GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data

formats). Functions of GIS (conversion, editing and analysis), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Georeferencing (coordinate

system and map projections and Datum), GIS Applications ( thematic cartography, spatial decision support system),

Basics of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements

of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry), Types of Aerial Photographs, Digital Image

Processing: Developments in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing and its applications in Natural

Resources Management in India, GPS Components (space, ground control and receiver segments) and Applications,

Applications of Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities, Sampling, Sampling Procedure and

Hypothesis Testing (chi square test, t test, ANOVA), Time Series Analysis, Correlation and Regression Analysis,

Measurement of Indices, Making Indicators Scale Free, Computation of Composite Index, Principal Component

Analysis and Cluster Analysis, Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density

and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve,

Hypsographic Curve and Altimetric Frequency Graph.

UNIT- 10 :

Geography of India

Major Physiographic Regions and their Characteristics; Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular), Climate:

Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (mechanism and characteristics), Jet Streams

and Himalayan Cryosphere, Types and Distribution of Natural Resources: Soil, Vegetation, Water, Mineral and

Marine Resources. Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban,

age, sex, occupational, educational, ethnic and religious), Determinants of Population, Population Policies in India,

Agriculture (Production, Productivity and Yield of Major Food Crops), Major Crop Regions, Regional Variations

in Agricultural Development, Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors affecting Indian Agriculture;

Agro-Climatic Zones, Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food. Industrial Development since

Independence, Industrial Regions and their characteristics, Industrial Policies in India. Development and Patterns of

Transport Networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways and pipelines), Internal and External Trade

(trend, composition and directions), Regional Development Planning in India, Globalisation and its impact on Indian

Economy, Natural Disasters in India (Earthquake, Drought, Flood, Cyclone, Tsunami, Himalayan Highland Hazards

and Disasters.)

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No:17

SUBJECT : GEOLOGY

SYLLABUS

UNIT : 1

THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM:

Milky Way and the solar system. Modern theories on the origin of the Earth and other planetary bodies.

Earth’s orbital parameters, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, Geological Time Scale; Space and time scales of

processes in the solid Earth, atmosphere and oceans. Radioactive isotopes and their applications. Meteorites

Chemical composition and the Primary differentiation of the earth. Basic principles of stratigraphy. Theories about

the origin of life and the nature of fossil record. Earth’s gravity and magnetic fields and its thermal structure:

Concept of Geoid and, spheroid. Isostasy.

EARTH MATERIALS, SURFACE FEATURES AND PROCESSES:

Gross composition and physical properties of important minerals and rocks; properties and processes responsible

for mineral concentrations; nature and distribution of rocks and minerals in different units of the earth and different

parts of India. Physiography of the Earth: weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of Earth’s material;

formation of soil, sediments and sedimentary rocks; energy balance of the Earth’s surface processes; physiographic

features and river basins in India.

Unit : 2

INTERIOR OF THE EARTH, DEFORMATION AND TECTONICS:

Basic concepts of seismology and internal structure of the Earth. Physico-chemical and seismic properties of

Earth’s interior. Concepts of stress and strain. Behaviour of rocks under stress; Folds, joints and faults. Earthquakes

– their causes and measurement. Interplate and intraplate seismicity. Paleomagnetism, sea floor spreading and

plate tectonics.

OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE:

Hypsography of the continents and ocean floor – continental shelf, slope, rise and abyssal plains. Physical

and chemical properties of sea water and their spatial variations. Residence times of elements in sea water.

Ocean currents, waves and tides, important current systems, thermohaline circulation and the oceanic conveyor

belt. Major water masses of the world’s oceans. Biological productivity in the oceans. Motion of fluids, waves in

atmospheric and oceanic systems. Atmospheric turbulence and boundary layer. Structure and chemical composition

of the atmosphere, lapse rate and stability, scale height, geopotential, greenhouse gases and global warming. Cloud

formation and precipitation processes, air- sea interactions on different space and time scales. Insolation and heat

budget, radiation balance, general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean. Climatic and sea level changes on

different time scales. Coupled ocean-atmosphere system, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). General weather

systems of India: Monsoon system, cyclone and jet stream, Western disturbances and severe local convective

systems, distribution of precipitation over India.

Marine and atmospheric pollution, ozone depletion.

ENVIRONMENTAL EARTH SCIENCES:

Properties of water; hydrological cycle; water resources and management. Energy resources, uses, degradation,

alternatives and management; Ecology and bio diversity. Impact of use of energy and land on the environment.

Exploitation and conservation of mineral and other natural resources. Natural hazards. Elements of Remote Sensing.

UNIT : 3

GEOLOGY

MINERALOGY AND IGNENOUS AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY:

Concept of point group, space group, reciprocal lattice, diffraction and imaging. Concepts of crystal field

theory and mineralogical spectroscopy. Lattice defects (point, line and planar).Electrical, magnetic and optical

properties of minerals. Bonding and crystal structures of common oxides, sulphides, and silicates. Transformation of

minerals – polymorphism, polytypism, and polysomatism. Solid solution and exsolution.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Steady-state geotherms. Genesis, properties, emplacement and crystallization of magmas. Phase equilibrium

studies of simple systems, effect of volatiles on melt equilibria. Magma -mixing,–mingling and–immiscibility.

Metamorphic structures and textures; isograds and facies. Mineral reactions with condensed phases, solid

solutions, mixed volatile equilibria and thermo-barometry. Metamorphism of pelites, mafic-ultra mafic rocks and

siliceous dolomites. Material transport during metamorphism. P-T path in regional metamorphic terrains, plate

tectonics and metamorphism.

Petrogenetic aspects of important rock suites of India, such as the Deccan Traps, layered intrusive complexes,

anorthosites, carbonatites, charnockites, alkaline rocks, Kimberlites, ophiolites and granitoids.

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOTECTONICS:

Theory of stress and strain. Behaviour of rocks under stress. Mohr circle. Various states of stress and their

representation by Mohr circles. Different types of failure and sliding criteria. Geometry and mechanics of fracturing

and conditions for reactivation of pre-existing discontinuities. Common types of finite strain ellipsoids. L-, L-S-,

and S-tectonic fabrics. Techniques of strain analysis. Particle paths and flow patterns. Progressive strain history.

Introduction to deformation mechanisms. Role of fluids in deformation processes. Geometry and analyses of

brittle-ductile and ductile shear zones. Sheath folds. Geometry and mechanics of development of folds, boudins,

foliations and lineations. Interference patterns of superposed fold. Fault-related folding. Gravity induced structures.

Tectonic features of extensional-, compressional-, and strike-slip-terrains and relevance to plate boundaries. mantle

plumes. Himalayan Orogeny; concept of super continent, their assembly and breakup.

Unit : 4

PALEONTOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS:

Theories on origin of life. Organic evolution–Punctuated Equilibrium and Phyletic Gradualism models. Mass

extinctions and their causes. Application of fossils in age determination and correlation. Paleoecology, Life habitats

and various ecosystems, Paleobiogeography. Modes of preservation of fossils and taphonomic considerations.

Types of micro fossils. Environmental significance of fossils and trace fossils. Use of micro fossils in interpretation

of sea floor tectonism. Application of micropaleontology in hydrocarbon exploration. Oxygen and Carbon isotope

studies of microfossils and their use in paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic interpretation. Important invertebrate

fossils, vertebrate fossils, plant fossils and microfossils in Indian stratigraphy.

SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY:

Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks; elastic, volcanoclastic and chemical. Classification of elastic

rocks. Flow regimes and processes of sediment transport. Sedimentary textures and structures. Sedimentary facies

and environments, reconstruction of paleoenvironments. Formation and evolution of sedimentary basins. Diagenesis

of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks.

Recent developments in stratigraphic classification. Code of stratigraphic nomenclature–Stratotypes, Global Boundary

Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP). Lithostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic and biostratigraphic subdivisions.

Methods of startigraphic correlation including Shaw’s Graphic correlation. Concept of sequence stratigraphy.

Rates of sediment accumulation, unconformities. Facies concept in Stratigraphy–Walther’s law. Methods for

paleogeographic reconstruction. Earth’s Climatic History. Phanerozoic stratigraphy of India with reference to the

type areas–their correlation with equivalent formations in other regions. Boundary problems in Indian Phanerozoic

stratigraphy.

MARINE GEOLOGY AND PALE OCEANOGRAPHY:

Morphologic and tectonic domains of the ocean floor. Structure, composition and mechanism of the formation

of oceanic crust. Hydrothermal vents. Ocean margins and their significance. Ocean Circulation, Coriolis effect

and Ekman spiral, convergence, divergence and upwelling, El Nino. Indian Ocean Dipole Thermohaline circulation

and oceanic conveyor belt. Formation of Bottom waters; major water masses of the world’s oceans. Oceanic

sediments: Factors controlling the deposition and distribution of oceanic sediments; geochronology of oceanic

sediments, diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic environments. Tectonic evolution of the ocean basins. Mineral

resources. Paleoceanography – Approaches to paleoceanographic reconstructions; various proxy indicators for

paleoceanographic interpretation. Reconstruction of monsoon variability by using marine proxy records Opening and

closing of ocean gateways and their effect on circulation and climate during the Cenozoic. Sea level processes

and Sea level changes. Methods of paleo Sea Surface temperature. Quantifications.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

UNIT : 5

GEO CHEMISTRY:

Atomic Structure and properties of elements, the Periodic Table; ionic substitution in minerals; Phase rule and

its applications in petrology, thermodynamics of reactions involving pure phases, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and

fluids; equilibrium and distribution coefficients. Nucleation and diffusion processes in igneous, metamorphic and

sedimentary environments, redox reactions and Eh-pH diagrams and their applications. Mineral/ mineral assemblages

as “sensors” of ambient environments. Geochemical studies of aerosols, surface- ,marine-, and ground waters.

Radioactive decay schemes and their application to geochronology and petrogenesis. Stable isotopes and their

application to earth system processes; geochemical differentiation of the earth; geochemical cycles.

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY:

Magmatic, hydrothermal and surface processes of ore formation. Metallogeny and its relation to crustal evolution;

Active ore-forming systems, methods of mineral deposit studies including ore microscopy, fluid inclusions and

isotopic systematics; ores and metamorphism- cause and effect relationships. Geological setting, characteristics, and

genesis of ferrous, base and noble metals. Origin, migration and entrapment of petroleum; properties of source

and reservoir rocks; structural, stratigraphic and combination traps. Methods of petroleum exploration. Concepts

of petrophysics, Petroliferous basins of India. Origin of peat, lignite, bitumen and anthracite. Classification, rank

and grading of coal; coal petrography, coal resources of India. Gas hydrates and coal bed methane. Nuclear and

non- conventional energy resources.

PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY AND CRUSTAL EVOLUTION:

Evolution of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere,

biosphere, and cryosphere; lithological, geochemical and

stratigraphic characteristics of granite–greenstone and granulite belts. Stratigraphy and geochronology of the cratonic

nuclei, mobile belts and Proterozoic sedimentary basins of India. Life in Precambrian. Precambrian–Cambrian

boundary with special reference to India.

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY:

Definition of Quaternary. Quaternary Stratigraphy – Oxygen Isotope stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and

magnetostratigraphy. Quaternary climates – glacial-interglacial cycles, eustatic changes, proxy indicators of

paleoenvironmental/ paleoclimatic changes-land, ocean and cryosphere (ice core studies). Responses of geomorphic

systems to climate, sea level and tectonics on variable time scales in the Quaternary, Quaternary dating methods,–

radiocarbon, Uranium series, Luminescence, Amino- acid. Quaternary stratigraphy of India– continental records

(fluvial, glacial, aeolian, palaeosols and duricrust); marine records; continental-marine correlation of Quaternary record.

Evolution of man and Stone Age cultures. Plant and animal life in relation to glacial and interglacial cycles

during Quaternary.

Tectonic geomorphology, neotectonics, active tectonics and their applications to natural hazard assessment.

Unit :6

APPLIED GEOLOGY:

•

Remote Sensing and GIS: Elements of photogrammetry, elements of photo-interpretation, electromagnetic

spectrum, emission range, film and imagery, sensors, geological interpretations of air photos and imageries.

Global Positioning Systems (GPS).GIS-data structure, attribute data, thematic layers and query analysis.

•

Engineering Geology: Engineering properties of rocks and physical characteristics of building stones,

concretes and other aggregates. Geological investigations for construction of dams, bridges, highways and

tunnels. Remedial measures. Mass movements with special emphasis on landslides and causes of hillslope

instability. Seismic design of buildings.

•

Mineral Exploration: Geological, geophysical, geochemical and geo-botanical methods of surface and

sub-surface exploration on different scales. Sampling, assaying and evaluation of mineral deposits.

•

Hydrogeology: Groundwater, Darcy’s law, hydrological characteristics of aquifers, hydrological cycle. Precipitation,

evapotranspiration and infiltration processes. Hydrological classification of water-bearing formations. Fresh

and salt-water relationships in coastal and inland areas. Groundwater exploration and water pollution.

Groundwater regimes in India.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Geomorphology: Concepts in geomorphology. Historical and process Geomorphology. Landforms in relation climate,

rock type, structure and tectonics. Processes–weathering, pedogenesis, mass movement, erosion, transportation

and deposition. Geomorphic processes and landforms – fluvial, glacial, aeolian, coastal and karst. River forms

and processes – stream flow, stage- discharge relationship; hydrographs and flood frequency analysis. Submarine

relief. Geomorphology and topographic analysis including DEM, Environmental change–causes, effects on processes

and landforms. Extra-terrestrial geomorphology.

Climatology: Fundamental principles of climatology. Earth’s radiation balance; latitudinal and seasonal variation of

insolation, temperature, pressure, wind belts, humidity, cloud formation and precipitation, water balance. Air masses,

monsoon, Jet streams, tropical cyclones, and ENSO. Classification of climates – Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s

scheme of classification. Climate change.

Bio-geography: Elements of biogeography with special reference to India; environment, habitat, plant-animal

association; zoo-geography of India; Biomes, elements of plant geography, distribution of forests and major plant

communities. Distribution of major animal communities. Conservation of forests. Wildlife sanctuaries and parks.

Environmental Geography: Man-land relationship. Resources – renewable and non-renewable. Natural and

man-made hazards – droughts, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis. Ecological balance, environmental

pollution and deterioration.

Geography of India: Physiography, drainage, climate, soils and natural resources – the Himalaya,

Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains, and peninsular India Precambrian shield, the Gondwana rift basins, Deccan Plateau.

Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution and variation of temperature, humidity, wind and

precipitation; Climate zones of India. Agricultural geography of India. Population – its distribution and characteristics.

Urbanization and migration. Environmental problems and issues.

UNIT – 7

GEOPHYSICS

Signal Processing: Continuous and discrete signals; Fourier series; auto and cross correlations, linear time

invariant systems with deterministic and random inputs; band limited signal and sampling theorem; Fourier and

Fast Fourier transforms; Z-transform; convolution; Filters: discrete and continuous, recursive, non-recursive, optimal

and inverse filters; deconvolution; fractal analysis.

Field theory: Newtonian potential; Laplace and Poisson’s equations; Green’s Theorem; Gaus’s law; Continuation

integral; equivalent stratum; Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic theory; Displacement potential, Helmhotz’s

theorem and seismic wave propagation.

Numerical analysis and inversion: Numerical differentiation and integration, finite element, and finite difference

techniques; Simpson’s rules; Gaus’s quadrature formula; initial value problems; pattern recognition in Geophysics.

Well-posed and ill-posed problems; method of least squares; direct search and gradient methods; generalized

inversion techniques; singular value decomposition; global optimization.

Gravity and Magnetic fields of the earth: Normal gravity field; Clairaut’s theorem; Shape of the earth;

deflection of the vertical, geoid, free-air, Bouguer and isostatic anomalies, isostatic models for local and regional

compensation. Geomagnetic field, secular and transient variations and their theories; palaeomagnetism, construction

of polar wandering curves.

Plate Tectonics and Geodynamics: Marine magnetic anomalies, sea floor spreading; mid-oceanic ridges and

geodynamics; plate tectonics hypothesis; plate boundaries and seismicity. Heat flow mechanisms, thermal modeling

of earth, core-mantle convection and mantle plumes.

Seismology Elastic theory: Seismometry: short period, long period, broad band and strong motion; elements

of earthquake seismology; seismic sources: faulting source, double couple hypothesis, seismic moment tensor,

focal mechanism and fault plane solutions; seismic gaps; seismotectonics and structure of the earth; Himalayan

and stable continental region earthquakes, reservoir induced seismicity; seismic hazards; earthquake prediction,

travel time residuals, velocity anomalies, seismic tomography.

Gravity and Magnetic Methods: Gravimeters and magnetometers; data acquisition from land, air and ship;

corrections and reduction of anomalies; ambiguity; regional and residual separation; continuation and derivative

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

calculations; interpretation of anomalies of simple geometric bodies, single pole, sphere, horizontal cylinder, sheet,

dyke and fault. Forward modelling and inversion of arbitrary shaped bodies and 2-D, 3-D interfaces. Interpretations

in frequency domain.

Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods: Electrical profiling and sounding, typical sounding curves,

pseudo-sections; resistivity transform and direct interpretation; induced polarization methods. Electromagnetic field

techniques; elliptic polarization, in-phase and out of phase components, horizontal and vertical loop methods;

interpretation; VLF (very low frequency); AFMAG (Audio frequency magnetic) methods; and central frequency

sounding; transient electro magnetic methods; magneto-telluric method; geomagnetic depth sounding.

Seismic Methods: Generalized Snell’s Law; Ray theory; reflection, refraction, diffraction; Zoeppritz’ sequation;

seismic energy sources; detectors; seismic noises and noise profile analysis; seismic data recording, reduction to

a datum and weathering corrections; Interpretation of refraction and reflection data; CDP/CMP; velocity analysis,

F-K filtering, stacking, deconvolution, migration before and after stack; bright spot analysis; wavelet processing;

attenuation studies, shear waves, AVO; VSP; introduction to 3D seismics; seismic stratigraphy.

Well logging: Open hole, cased hole and production logging; Electrical logs; lateral, induction, temperature,

S.P; porosity logs; sonic, density, neutron; natural gamma; determination of formation factor, porosity, permeability,

density, water saturation, lithology; logging while drilling.

UNIT 8

METEOROLOGY- CLIMATOLOGY

Physical Meteorology: Thermal structure of the atmosphere and its composition. Radiation: basic Laws –

Rayleigh and Mie scattering, multiple scattering, radiation from the sun, solar constant, effect of clouds, surface

and planetary albedo. Emission and absorption of terrestrial radiation, radiation windows, radiative transfer,Green

house effect, net radiation budget; Thermodynamics of dry and moist air: specific gas constant, Adiabatic and

isoentropic processes, entropy and enthalpy, Moisture variables, virtual temperature; Clausius – Clapeyron equation,

adiabatic process of moist air; thermodynamic diagrams: Hydrostatic equilibrium: Hydrostatic equation, variation of

pressure with height, geopotential, standard atmosphere, altimetry. Vertical stability of the atmosphere: Dry and

moist air parcel and slice methods. Tropical convection. Atmospheric optics–visibility–optical phenomenon–rainbows,

haloes, corona, mirage.

Atmospheric Electricity: Fair weather electric field in the atmosphere and potential gradients, ionization in

the atmosphere. Electrical fields in thunderstorms, theories of thunderstorm electrification- Structure of lightening

flash-mechanism of earth-atmospheric change balance-role of thunder storms.

Cloud Physics: Cloud classification, condensation nuclei, growth of cloud drops and ice-crystals, precipitation

mechanisms: Bergeron, Findeisen process, coalescence process– Precipitation of warm and mixed clouds, artificial

precipitation, hail suppression, fog and cloud–dissipation, radar observation of clouds and precipitation, radar equation,

rain drop spectra, radar echoes of hail storm and tornadoes, radar observation of hurricanes, measurements of

rainfall by radar.

Dynamic Meteorology: Basic equations and fundamental forces: Pressure, gravity, centripetal and Corolis forces,

continuity equation in Cartesian and isobaric coordinates. Momentum equation Cartesian and spherical coordinates;

scale analysis, inertial flow, geostrophic and gradient winds, thermal wind. Divergence and vertical motion Rossby,

Richardson, Reynolds and Froude numbers. Circulation, vorticity and divergence; Bjerknese circulation theorem and

applications, vorticity and divergence equations, scale analysis, potential vorticity, stream function and velocity potential.

Atmospheric turbulence: Mixing length theory, planetary boundary layer equations, surface layer, Ekmanlayer, eddy

transport of heat, moisture and momentum, Richardson criterion; Linear Perturbation Theory: Internal and external

gravity waves, inertia waves, gravity waves, Rossbywaves, wave motion in the tropics, barotropic and baroclinic

instabilities. Atmospheric Energetics: Kinetic, potential and internal energies – conversion of potential and internal

energies into kinetic energy, available potential energy.

UNIT 9

Numerical Weather Prediction: computational instability, filtering of sound and gravity waves, filtered forecast

equations, barotropic and equivalent barotropic models, two parameter baroclinic model, relaxation method.

Multi-layer primitive equation models. Short, medium and long range weather prediction. Objective analysis;

Initialization of the data for use in weather prediction models; data assimilation techniques, application of satellite

in NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) and remotely sensed data.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

General Circulation and Climate Modelling: Observed zonally symmetric circulations, meridional circulation

models, mean meridional and eddy transport of momentum and energy, angular momentum and energy budgets;

zonally asymmetric features of general circulation; standing eddies; east-west circulations in tropics: climate

variability and forcings; feedback processes, low frequency variability, MJO Madden-Julian oscillation), ENSO, QBO

(quasi-biennial oscillation) and sunspot cycles. Basic principles of general circulation modelling; grid-point and spectral

GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modelling; interannual variability of ocean fields (SST, winds, circulation, etc.)

and its relationship with monsoon, concepts of ocean – atmosphere coupled models.

Synoptic Meteorology: Weather observations and transmission, synoptic charts, analysis of surface, upper air

another derivative chart, stream-lines, isotachs and contour analysis; tilt and slope of pressure/weather systems

with height. Synoptic weather forecasting, prediction of weather elements such as rain, maximum and minimum

temperature and fog; hazardous weather elements like thunder storms, dust storms, tornadoes. Tropical meteorology:

Trade wind inversion, ITCZ; monsoon trough tropical cyclones, their structure and development theory; monsoon

depressions; tropical easterly jet stream; low level jets, Somali jet, waves in easterlies; western disturbances;

SW and NE monsoons; synoptic features associated with onset, withdrawal, break active and weak monsoons and

their prediction. Air masses and fronts: sources, origin and classification of air masses; and fronts, frontogenesis

and frontolysis; structure of cold and warm fronts; weather systems associated with fronts. Extra-tropical synoptic

scale features: jet streams, extra tropical cyclones and anticyclones.

Aviation Meteorology: Role of meteorology in aviation, weather hazards associated with take off cruising and

landing, inflight – icing, turbulence, visibility, fog, clouds, rain, gusts, wind shear and thunderstorms, now-casting

and very short range forecasting.

Satellite Meteorology: Meteorological satellites – Polar orbiting and geostationary satellites, visible and infrared

radiometers, multiscanner radiometers; identification of synoptic systems, fog and sandstorms, detection of cyclones,

estimation of SST, cloud top temperatures, winds and rainfall: temperature and humidity soundings.

UNIT 10

OCEAN SCIENCES

Physical Oceanography: T-S diagrams; mixing processes in the oceans; characteristics of important water

masses.

Wind generated waves in the oceans; their characteristics; shallow and deep water waves. Propagation,

refraction, and reflection of waves. Wave spectrum, principles of wave forecasting. Tide-producing forces and their

magnitudes; prediction of tides by the harmonic method; tides and tidal currents in shallow seas, estuaries and

rivers. Factors influencing coastal processes; transformation of wave in shallow water; effects of stratification; effect

of bottom friction, phenomena of wave reflection, refraction and diffraction; breakers and surf; littoral currents; wave

action on sediments–movement to beach material; rip currents; beach stability, ocean beach nourishment; harbor

resonance; seiches; tsunami; interaction of waves and structure. Estuaries: classification and nomenclature; tides

in estuaries; estuarine circulation and mixing; depth – averaged and breadth – averaged models; sedimentation in

estuaries; salinity intrusion in estuaries; effect of stratification; coastal pollution; mixing and dispersal of pollutants

in estuaries and near-shore areas; coastal zone management.

The global wind system; action of wind on ocean surface; Ekman’s theory; Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk’s

theories; upwelling and sinking with special reference to the Indian ocean. Inertial currents; divergences and

convergences; geostrophic motion; barotropic and baroclinic conditions; oceanic eddies, relationship between density,

pressure and dynamic topography; relative and slope currents. Wind driven coastal currents; typical scales of

motion in the ocean. Characteristics of the global conveyor belt circulation and its causes.

Formation of subtropical gyres; western boundary currents; equatorial current systems; El Nino; monsoonal winds

and currents over the North Indian Ocean; Somali current; southern ocean. Upwelling process in the Arabian Sea.

Chemical Oceanography: Composition of seawater – Classification of elements based on their distribution; major

and minor elements, their behavior and chemical exchanges across interfaces and residence times in seawater.

Element chemistry in atypical conditions-estuaries, hydrothermal vents, anoxic basins, HNLC waters, sediment

pore fluid and anthropogenic inputs.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No: 18

विषय - विन्दी

पाठ्यक्रम

इकाई - 1

हहन्दी भाषा और उसका हिकास।

हहन्दी की ऐहिहाहसक पृष्ठभूहम: प्राचीन भारिीय आयय भाषाएं, मध्यकालीन भारिीय आयय भाषाएं- पाहल, प्राकृि

शौरसेनी, अर्द्यमागधी, मागधी, अपभ्रंश और उनकी हिशेषिाएं, अपभ्रंश अिहठ और पुरानी हहन्दी का संबंध,

आधुहनक भारिीय आयय भाषाएं और उनका िगीकरण। हहन्दी का भौगोहलक हिस्तार : हहन्दी की उपभाषाएं,

पहिमी हहन्दी, पूिी हहन्दी, राजस्थानी, हबहारी िथा पहाडी िगय और उनकी बोहलयां - खडीबोली, व्रज और अिधी

की हिशेषिाएं। हहन्दी के हिहिध रूप : हहन्दी, उर्ूय, र्क्खिनी, हहन्र्ुस्तानी। हहन्दी का भाहषक स्वरूप: हहन्दी की

स्वहनम व्यिस्था खंड्य और खंड्येिर, हहन्दी ध्वहनयों के िगीकरण का आधार, हहन्दी शब्द रचना-उपसगय, प्रत्यय,

समास, हहन्दी की रूप रचना: हलंग, िचन और कारक व्यिस्था के सन्दभय में संज्ञा, सियनाम, हिशेषण और हिया

रुप, हहन्दी - िाक्य रचना। हहन्दी भाषा प्रयोग के हिहिध रूप: बोली, मानक भाषा, राजभाषा, राष्ट्रभाषा और सम्पकय

भाषा। संचार माध्यम और हहन्दी, कम्प्यूटर और हहन्दी, हहन्दी की संिैधाहनक क्खस्थहि। र्ेिानागरी हलहप: हिशेषिाएं

और मानकीकरण।

इकाई - 2

हहन्दी साहहत्य का इहिहास

हहन्दी साहहत्येहिहास र्शयन

हहन्दी साहहत्य के इहिहास लेखन की पर्द्हियां

हहन्दी साहहत्य का कालहिभाजन और नामकरण, आहर्काल की हिशेषिाएं एिं साहहक्खत्यक प्रिृहियां, रासो-

साहहत्य, आहर्कालीन हहन्दी का जैन साहहत्य, हसर्द् और नाथ साहहत्य, अमीर खुसरो की हहन्दी कहििा, हिद्यापहि

और उनकी पर्ािली िथा लौहकक साहहत्य

भक्खिकाल

भक्खि-आंर्ोलन के उर्य के सामाहजक-सांस्कृहिक कारण, भक्खि-आंर्ोलन का अक्खखल भारिीय स्वरुप और

उसका अन्तःप्रार्ेहशक िैहशष्ट्य।

भक्खि काव्य की सामाहजक-सांस्कृहिक पृष्ठभूहम, आलिार सन्त, भक्खि काव्य के प्रमुख सɽर्ाय और उनका

िैचाररक आधार। हनगुयण-सुगण कहि और उनका काव्य।

रीहिकाल

सामाहजक-सांस्कृहिक पृष्ठभूहम, रीहिकाल की प्रमुख प्रिृहियां (रीहिबर्द्, रीहिहसर्द्, रीहिमुि) रीहिकहियों का

आचाययत्व।

रीहिकाल के प्रमुख कहि और उनका काव्य

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

आधुहनक काल

हहन्दी गद्य का उद्भि और हिकास। भारिेन्र्ु पूिय हहन्दी गद्य, 1857 की िाक्खन्त और सांस्कृहिक पुनजायगरण,

भारिेन्र्ु और उनका युग, पत्रकाररिा का आरम्भ और 19िीं शिाब्दी की हहन्दी पत्रकाररिा, आधुहनकिा की

अिधारणा।

हििेर्ी युग : महािीर प्रसार् हििेर्ी और उनका युग, हहन्दी निजागरण और सरस्विी, राष्ट्रीय काव्य धारा के

प्रमुख कहि, स्वछन्दिािार् और उसके प्रमुख कहि।

छायािार् : छायािार्ी काव्य की प्रमुख हिशेषिाएं, छायािार् के प्रमुख कहि, प्रगहििार् की अिधारणा,

प्रगहििार्ी काव्य और उसके प्रमुख कहि, प्रयोगिार् और नई कहििा, नई कहििा के कहि, समकालीन कहििा

(िषय 2000 िक) समकालीन साहहक्खत्यक पत्रकाररिा।

हहन्दी साहहत्य की गद्य हिधाएं

हहन्दी उपन्यास : भारिीय उपन्यास की अिधारणा।

प्रेमचन्द पूिय उपन्यास, प्रेमचन्द और उनका युग।

प्रेमचन्द के परििी उपन्यासकार (िषय 2000 िक)। हहन्दी कहानी: हहन्दी कहानी का उद्भि और हिकास, 20िीं

सर्ी की हहन्दी कहानी और प्रमुख कहानी आंर्ोलन एिं प्रमुख कहानीकार।

हहन्दी नाटक : हहन्दी नाटक और रंगमंच, हिकास के चरण, भारिेन्र्ुयुग, प्रसार् युग, प्रसार्ोिर युग, स्वािंȒोिर

युग, साठोिर युग और नया नाटक, प्रमुख नायकृहियााँ, प्रमुख नाटककार (िषय 2000 िक), हहन्दी एकांकी,

हहन्दी रंगमंच और हिकास के चरण, हहन्दी का लोक रंगमंच और नुक्कड नाटक ।

हहन्दी हनबंध : हहन्दी हनबन्ध का उद्भि और हिकास, हहन्दी हनबंध के प्रकार और प्रमुख हनबंधकार।

हहन्दी आलोचना - हहन्दी आलोचना का उद्भि और हिकास, समकालीन हहन्दी आलोचना एिं उसके

हिहिध प्रकार और प्रमुख आलोचक।

हहन्दी की अन्य गद्य हिधाएाँ: रेखाहचत्र, संस्मरण, यात्रा साहहत्य, आत्मकथा, जीिनी और ररपोिायज, डायरी।

हहन्दी का प्रिासी साहहत्य : अिधारणा एिं प्रमुख साहहत्यकार।

इकाई - 3

साहहत्यशा˓

काव्य के लक्षण, काव्य हेिु और काव्य प्रयोजन।

प्रमुख संप्रर्ाय और हसर्द्ान्त रस, अलंकार, रीहि, ध्वहन, ििोक्खि और औहचत्य।

रस हनष्पहि, साधारणीकरण, शब्दशक्खि, काव्यगुण, काव्य र्ोष और प्लेटो के काव्य हसर्द्ान्त।

अरस्तू : अनुकरण हसर्द्ान्त, त्रासर्ी हििेचन, हिरेचन हसर्द्ान्त। िडडयसिचय का काव्यभाषा हसर्द्ान्त।

कॉलररज : कल्पना और फैंटेसी।

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

टी.एस.इहलएट : हनिैयक्खिकिा का हसर्द्ान्त, परम्परा की अिधारणा।

आई.ए. ररचडडयस : मूल्य हसर्द्ान्त, संप्रेषण हसर्द्ान्त िथा काव्य-भाषा हसर्द्ान्त। रूसी रूपिार् और नयी समीक्षा।

हमथक, फन्तासी, कल्पना, प्रिीक, हबम्ब।

इकाई - 4

िैचाररक पृष्ठभूहम

भारिीय निजागरण और स्वाधीनिा आन्दोलन की िैचाररक पृष्ठभूहम हहन्दी निजागरण । खडीबोली आन्दोलन।

फोटय हिहलयम कॉलेज

भारिेन्र्ु और हहन्दी निजागरण,

महािीर प्रसार् हििेर्ी और हहन्दी निजागरण

गांधीिार्ी र्शयन अम्बेडकर र्शयन

लोहहया र्शयन

मार्क्यिार्, मनोहिश्लेषणिार्, अक्खस्तत्विार्, उिर आधुहनकिािार्, अक्खस्मिामूलक हिमशय

(र्हलि, ˓ी, आहर्िासी एिं अल्पसंख्यक)

इकाई - 5

हहन्दी कहििा

पृथ्वीराज रासो - रेिा िट

अमीरखुसरो - खुसरों की पहेहलयााँ और मुकररयााँ

हिद्यापहि की पर्ािली (संपार्क डॉ. नरेȾ झा) पर् संख्या 125

कबीर (सं. हजारी प्रसार् हििेर्ी) पर् संख्या - 160 - 209

जायसी ग्रंथािली - (सं. रामचȾ शुक्ल) नागमिी हियोग खण्ड

सूरर्ास - भ्रमरगीि सार (सं. रामचȾ शुक्ल) - पर् संख्या 21 से 70

िुलसीर्ास - रामचररिमानस, उिर काण्ड

हबहारी सिसई - (सं. जगन्नाथ र्ास रखाकर) – र्ोहा संख्या 1 - 50

घनानन्द कहिि - (सं. हिश्वनाथ हमश्र) कहिि संख्या 1 - 30

मीरा - (सं. हिश्वनाथ हत्रपाठी) प्रारम्भ से 20 पर्

अयोध्या हसंह उपाध्याय हररऔध - हप्रयप्रिास

मैहथलीशरण गुप्त - भारि भारिी, साकेि (निमड सगय)

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

जयशंकर प्रसार् - आंसू, कामायनी (श्रर्द्ा, लज्जा, इडा)

हनराला - जुही की कली, जागो हफर एक बार, सरोजस्मृहि, राम की शक्खिपूजा, कुकरमुिा, बााँधो न नाि इस ठााँि

बंधु।

सुहमत्रानंर्न पंि - पररिियन, प्रथम रक्खि

महार्ेिी िमाय - ग्रीन भी हाँ मैं िुम्हारी राहगनी भी हाँ, मैं नीर भरी र्ुख की बर्ली, हफर हिकल है प्राण मेरे, यह

मक्खन्दर का र्ीप इसे नीरि जलने र्ो, द्रुि झरो जगि के जीणय पत्र, रामधारी हसंह हर्नकर - उियशी (िृिीय अंक),

रक्खिरथी

नागाजुयन - काहलर्ास, बार्ल को हघरिे र्ेखा है, अकाल और उसके बार्, खुरर्रे पैर, शासन की बंर्ूक, मनुष्य

हाँ।

सक्खिर्ानंर् हीरानन्द िाȘायन अज्ञेय-कलगी बाजरे की, यह र्ीप अकेला, हरी घास पर क्षण 'भर, असाध्यिीणा,

हकिनी नािों में हकिनी बार

भिानीप्रसार् हमश्र - गीि फरोश, सिपुडा के जंगल

मुक्खिबोध - भूल गलिी, ब्रह्मराक्षस, अंधेरे में

धूहमल - नर्क्लिाडी, मोचीराम, अकाल र्शयन, रोटी और संसर्

इकाई -6

हहन्दी उपन्यास

पं. गौरीर्ि - र्ेिरानी जेठानी की कहानी

लाला श्रीहनिास र्ास - परीक्षा गुरु

प्रेमचन्द - गोर्ान

अज्ञेय - शेखर एक जीिनी (भाग - 1)

हजारी प्रसार् हििेर्ी - बाणभट्ट की आत्मकथा

फणीश्वर नाथ रेणु - मैला आंचल

यशपाल - झूठा सच

अमृि लाल नागर - मानस का हंस

भीष्म साहनी - िमस

श्रीलाल शुक्ल - राग र्रबारी

कृष्णा सोबिी - हजन्दगी नामा

मन्नू भंडारी - आपका बंटी

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

जगर्ीश चȾ - धरिी धन न अपना

इकाई - 7

हहन्दी कहानी

राजेȾ बाला घोष (बंग महहला) चȾर्ेि से मेरी बािें, र्ुलाईिाली

माधिराि सप्रे - एक टोकरी भर हमट्टी

सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान - राही

प्रेमचंर् - ईर्गाह, र्ुहनया का अनमोल रिन

राजा राहधकारमण प्रसार् हसंह - कानों में कंगना

चȾधर शमाय गुलेरी - उसने कहा था

जयशंकर प्रसार् - आकाशर्ीप

जैनेȾ - अपना-अपना भाग्य

फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु - िीसरी कसम, लाल पान की बेगम

अज्ञेय - गैंग्रीन

शेखर जोशी - कोसी का घटिार

भीष्म साहनी - अमृिसर आ गया है, चीफ की र्ािि

कृष्णा सोबिी - हसक्का बर्ल गया

हररशंकर परसाई - इंस्पेक्टर मािार्ीन चांर् पर

ज्ञानरंजन - हपिा

कमलेश्वर - राजा हनरिंहसया

हनमयल िमाय - पररंर्े

इकाई - 8

हहन्दी नाटक

भारिेन्र्ु - अंधेर नगरी, भारि र्ुर्यशा

जयशंकर प्रसार् - चȾगुप्त, स्कंर्गुप्त, ध्रुिस्वाहमनी

धमयिीरभारिी - अंधायुग

लƘीनारायण लाल - हसंर्ूर की होली

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

मोहन राकेश - आधे-अधूरे, आषाढ़ का एक हर्न

हबीब िनिीर - आगरा बाजार

सिेश्वरर्याल सर्क्ेना - बकरी

शंकरशेष - एक और द्रोणाचायय

उपेȾनाथ अश्क - अंजो र्ीर्ी

मन्नू भंडारी - महाभोज

इकाई -9

हहन्दी हनबंध

भारिेन्र्ु - हर्ल्ली र्रबार र्पयण, भारििषोन्नहि कैसे हो सकिी है

प्रिाप नारायण हमश्र - हशिमूहिय

बाल कृष्ण भट्ट - हशिशंभु के हचट्ठे

रामचȾ शुक्ल - कहििा क्या है

हजारी प्रसार् हििेर्ी - नाखून क्यों बढ़िे हैं

हिद्याहनिास हमश्र - मेरे राम का मुकुट भीग रहा है

अध्यापक पूणय हसंह - मजर्ूरी और प्रेम

कुबेरनाथ राय - उिराफाल्गुनी के आस-पास

हििेकी राय - उठ जाग मुसाहफर

नामिर हसंह - संस्कृहि और सौंर्यय

इकाई -10

आत्मकथा, जीिनी िथा अन्य गद्य हिधाएं

रामिृक्ष बेनीपुरी - माटी की मूरिें

महार्ेिी िमाय - ठकुरी बाबा

िुलसीराम - मुर्यहहया

हशिरानी र्ेिी - प्रेमचन्द घर में

मन्नू भंडारी - एक कहानी यह भी

हिष्णु प्रभाकर - आिारा मसीहा

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No.19

SUBJECT: HISTORY

SYLLABUS

Unit-1: Ancient Indian History

Sources of Ancient Indian History: Archaeological Sources: Exploration, Excavation, Epigraphy, Numismatics,

Monuments. Literary Sources: Indigenous: Primary and Secondary–Problem of Dating- Myths, Legends, etc.–Religious

and Secular Literature–the Puranas and the Epics – Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arabs- Geographical

Factors -Pre-Historic Age- Hunting and Gathering- Paleolithic Age or Early Stone Age and Mesolithic Age–Mesolithic

Culture–Neolithic Age–Beginning of Agriculture, the Age of Metals–Pastoralism and Food production: Chalcolithic

Age [Generally, the Prehistoric Period categorized in three archaeological periods: the Stone Age, Bronze Age

and Iron Age]. Indus Valley Civilisation: Introduction to Indus Valley Civilisation–Extent of the Civilisation–Main

Cities of Indus Valley Civilization–Town Planning–Religion, Society and Polity–Decline of Indus Valley Civilisation.

Unit-2:

First urbanization in India–Megalithic Cultures–Megaliths of South India–Introduction of Iron Technology

(Use of Iron in Agriculture)–Iron Age in India–Urban Occupations, Crafts and Pottery. Vedic Period: Migrations

and Settlements–Original Home of the Aryans–Evolution of Social and Political Institutions–Four Stages of life

(chaturashrama system): Economic Condition–Religious Condition–Vedic Gods and their Importance–The Later

Vedic Age or The Epic Age–Political, Social, Economic and Religious Conditions – Philosophical Ideas, Rituals

and Practices–Vedic Literature- Condition of India during the Epic Period–Development of Image-worship among

the Aryans–Significance of the Vedic Age–Evolution of Monarchy.

Unit–3: Expansion of State System

Formation of States (Mahajanapada): From State to Empire: Monarchies and Republics–Economic and Social

Developments and Emergence of Second Urbanization in 6^th century BCE:

Emergence of Heterodox sects- Jainism, Buddhism and Ajivikas–From State to Empire: Rise of Magadha

and Foreign Invasions- Persian and Macedonian Invasions and their Impact–Greek invasion under Alexander and

its effects–Mauryan Empire: Foundation of the Mauryan Empire–Chandragupta Maurya -Mauryan Polity, Society

and Economy -Mauryan Art and Architecture–Ashoka-Kalinga Warandits Impact-Concept of Ashoka’s Dhamma

and its Nature-Ashokan edicts–Brahmi and Kharoshthi Scripts–Arthashastra of Kautilya–Indian Society under the

Mauryas- Downfall of the Mauryan Empire–Dissolution of Empire and Emergence of Regional Powers: Indo-

Greeks, Sungas: Pushyamitra-Importance of the Sungas–Growth of Bhagavata Cult and Revival of Brahmanical

Religion -Satavahanas, The Kushanas–Origin and Original Home of the Kushanas–Kanishka I–Contact with Outside

World–Growth of Urban Centres–Economy–Crafts and Guilds–Coinage–Development of Religions–Bhagavatism and

Saka- Ksatrapas.

Unit-4:

Sangam literature: Polity and Society in South India as reflected in Sangam literature–Trade and commerce

from 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE – Trade with the Roman World–Emergence of Mahayana Buddhism–

Kharavela and Jainism – Post–Mauryan Art and Architecture –School of Art in Ancient India: Gandhara, Mathura

and Amaravati Schools.

Gupta Vakataka age: Sources–Founders–Chandragupta I–Administration of Guptas–Bureaucracy of the

Government–Council of Ministers–Agrarian Economy: Land Grants, Land Revenue and Land Rights–Coinage of

the Guptas–Beginning of Temple Architecture -Emergence of Puranic Hinduism–Decline of Urban Centres–Indian

Feudalism–Caste System: Changing Social Structure–Position of Women–Education and Educational Institutions–

Development of Sanskrit Language and Literature. Developments in Science and Technology, Astronomy, Mathematics

and Medicine–Contact with Neighbouring Countries: Central Asia, South-East Asia, China–Harsha and his Times:

Administration and Religion–Salankayanas and Visnukundins in Andhradesa.

Unit-5: Emergence of Regional Kingdoms

Emergence of Regional Kingdoms: Kingdoms in Deccan: Gangas, Kadmabas, Western and Eastern Chalukyas,

Rashtrakutas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Hoysalas and Yadavas–Kingdoms in South India: Pallavas, Ceras, Cholas and

Pandyas–Kingdoms in Eastern India: Palas and Senas of Bengal, Varmans of Kamarupa, Bhaumakaras and Somavamsis

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

of Odisha–Kingdoms in Western India: Maitrakas of Vallabhi and Chalukyas of Gujarat–Kingdoms in North India:

Gurjara-Pratiharas, Kalacuri-Chedis, Gahadavalas and Paramaras–Characteristics of Early Medieval India: Administration

and Political Structure–Legitimation of Kingship–Agrarian Economy: Land Grants–Changing Production Relations:

Graded Land Rights and Peasantry, Water Resources, Taxation System, Coins and Currency System–Trade and

Urbanization: Patterns of Trade, Urban Settlements, Ports and Trade Routes, Merchandise and Exchange–Guilds:

Trade and Colonization in South–East Asia–Temple Architecture and Regional Styles–Growth of Brahminical Religions:

Vaisnavism and Saivism–Temples: Patronage and Regional Ramification- Society: Varna, Jati and Proliferation of

Castes–Position of Women: Gender, Marriage and Property Relations–Women in Public Life–Tribes as Peasants

and their place in Varna order–Untouchability – Growth of Regional Languages.

Education and Educational Institutions: Institution of Temples and Mathas–Agraharas and Mahaviharasas the

Centres of Education. Kayastha System of Teaching–The Arab Invasion of Sindh–Suleiman Ghaznavid conquests

Alberuni’s Accounts.

Unit-6: Research in History:

Scope and Importance of History- Objectivity and Bias in History–Criticism in History, Causation of History–History

and its Auxiliary Science–Significance of Regional History–Synthesis and Presentation–Recent Trends of Indian

History–Research Methodology–Hypothesis in History–Area of Proposed Research- Sources: Data Collection, Primary,

Secondary, Original and Transit Sources–Research Versus Review Articles–Trends in Historical Research–Recent

Indian Historiography–Selection of Topic in History- Notes Taking, References, Footnotes and Bibliography–Thesis

and Assignment Writing–Plagiarism–Beginnings of Historical Writings – Greek, Roman and Church Historiography–

Renaissance and its Impact on History Writing –Negative and Positive Schools of Historical Writing- Cyclical Theory

of History– Oswald Spengler; Challenge and Response Theory – Arnold Joseph Toynbee; Post Modernism in History.

Unit–7: Medieval Indian History

Sources of Medieval Indian History: Archaeological: Epigraphic, Numismatic Sources–Material Evidences and

Monuments–Chronicles; Literary Sources–Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit Literature–Regional languages–Archival

Materials–Foreign Traveller’s Accounts: Persian and Arab. Political Developments: Foundation of Delhi Sultanate–The

Ghoris, the Turks, the Khaljis, the Tughlaqs, the Sayyids and the Lodis–Decline of Delhi Sultanate–Administrative

Structure, Society and Culture, Art and Architecture and Literature during Delhi Sultanate–Religious Movements–Sufism

and Bhakti Movement–Famous Saints of Medieval Period–The Mongol Invasions and its Impact- Rise of Provincial

Kingdoms–Vijayanagara Bahmani Kingdoms: Vijayanagara Empire–Foundation of Vijayanagara Kingdoms–Krishnadeva

Raya–Nature of Vijayanagara State–Nayankara System–Ayagar System–Revenue Administration- Economy–Trade–

The Bahmani Kingdom: Administration–Economy and Society–Social Structure.

Mughal Period: Sources and Monuments of the Mughal Period-Foundation of Mughal Empire–Suris–Expansion

and Consolidation from Akbar to Aurangzeb–Mughal Relations with the Nobility and the Rajputs–India in the first

half of the 17th Century–Jahangir–The Period of Stability of Expansion- The Period of Crises–Nur Jahan–Shah

Jahan–Aurangzeb.

Unit–8:

Crisis of the Jagirdari System–Decline of Mughal Empire -Later Mughals and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire.

Rise of the Marathas–the foundation of Swaraj by Shivaji and its expansion under the Peshwas – Maratha Administration-

Asta Pradhan- Mughal Expansion and Consolidation: Maratha Confederacy–Mahadaji Scindia, Maharaj Yashwant

Rao Holkar–British Intervention–Decline of Maratha Empire–Deccan Sultanate ( Post- Bahamani Era): Ahmadnagar,

Berar, Bidar, Bijapur and Golconda -Rise, Expansion and Disintegration: Eastern Gangas–Anantavarman Chodaganga

and Suryavamshi Gajapatis–Kapilendra Deva. Sher Shah Suri–Administrative Reforms and his Contribution–Mughal

Administration–Mansabdari System and the Army–Jagirdari System–Organisation of Government and State–Land

Revenue System–Inam Grants–Bhaktism: Dana, Tirtha and Bhakti–Tamil Bhakti Movement- Shaivism, Vaishnavism and

Shaktism–Nayanmars (Shivism) and Alvars (Vaishnavism) Shankaracharya (Advaita), Ramanuja(Vishista Advaitavada)

The Saints of the Medieval Period (North and South) – their impact on Socio- Political and Religious Life –

Women Saints of Medieval India–The Sikh Movement – Guru Nanak Devand His Teachings and Practices,

Adi Granth, the Khalsa-Social Classification: The Ruling Classes: The Nobles and Zamindars – the Rural

Gentry–Middle Strata–Major Religious Groups: the Ulemas, the Mercantile and Professional Classes – Trade and

Commerce: Dutch and English Traders–Hundis – Foreign Trade and the European Traders –Rajput Society: Position

of Women – Zanana System – Devadasi System. Development of Education–Madarasa Education–Fine Arts:

Major Schools of Painting – Mughal, Rajasthani, Pahari and Garhwali–Development of Music–Art and Architecture:

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Indo-Islamic Architecture, Mughal Architecture, Regional Styles–Indo-Arabic Architecture–Mughal Gardens–Maratha

Forts, Shrines and Temples.

Unit-9: Modern Indian History

Sources of Modern Indian History: Archieval Materials, Biographies and Memoirs, Newspapers, Oral Evidence,

Creative Literature and Painting, Monuments, Coins–Rise of British Power: The Early European Settlements

and Anglo-French Conflicts–European Traders in India in the 16th to 18th Centuries–The Portuguese: Francisco

De Almeida–Naval Battle -Maritime Trade and Supremacy over the Indian Ocean–End of Portuguese Power in

India–The Dutch: Dutch Settlements in India–Birth and Decline of Coromandel Government–The Dutch in Bengal

and Malabar–The English: Establishment and Expansion of British Dominion in India–The French: The Impact of

the European Trade–British Relations with Principal Indian States–Bengal, Oudh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Carnatic

and Punjab–Revolt of 1857: Causes, Nature and Impact–Administration of the Company and the Crown–Evolution

of Central and Provincial Structure under East India Company. Paramountcy, Civil Service, Judiciary, Police and

the Army under the Company–British Policy and Paramountcy in the Princely States under the Crown: Local

Self- Government–Constitutional Changes, 1909 – 1935–Colonial Economy: Changing Composition, Volume and

Direction of Trade–Transformation of Indian Economy into Colonial Economy–Expansion and Commercialization of

Agriculture: Land Rights, Land Settlements, Rural Indebtedness, Landless Labour, Irrigation and Canal System–Decline

of Industries. Changing Socio-Economic Conditions of Artisans – De-urbanisation–Economic Drain–World Wars and

Economy–British Industrial Policy–Major Modern Industries–Nature of Factory Legislation–Labour and Trade Union

Movements–Monetary Policy: Banking, Currency and Exchange–Railways and Road Transport–Communications –

Post & Telegraph–Growth of New Urban Centres: New Features of Town Planning and Architecture, Urban Society

and Urban Problems–Famines, Epidemics and the Government Policy–Tribal and Peasant Movements.

Unit-10:

Indian Society in Transition: Contact with Christianity – the Missions and Missionaries; Critique of Indian Social

and Economic Practices and Religious Beliefs; Educational and Other Activities–The New Education: Government

Policy- Levels and Contents–English Language–Development of Science, and Technology, Public Health and

Medicine – Towards Modernism. Indian Renaissance – Socio–Religious Reforms–Emergence of Middle Class–Caste

Associations and Caste Mobility. Women’s Question – Nationalist Discourse–Women’s Organisations–British Legislation

concerning Women–Gender Identity and Constitutional Position–The Printing Press – Journalistic Activity and the

Public opinion- Modernisation of Indian Languages and Literary Forms – Re-orientation in Painting, Music and

Performing Arts.

Rise of Indian Nationalism

Rise of Nationalism: Social and Economic basis of Nationalism – Birth of Indian National Congress–Ideologies

and Programmes of the Indian National Congress 1885 -1920: Early Nationalists, Assertive Nationalists and

Revolutionaries–Trends in Swadeshi and Swaraj Movement–Indian Revolutionary Movement in India and

Abroad–Gandhian Mass Movements–Subas Chandra Bose and INA–Role of Middle Class in National

Movement–Women Participation in National Movement–Left Wing Politics–Depressed Class Movement–Ideologies

and Programmes of the Justice Party–Towards Independence and Partition (1930-1947)–Communal Politics; Muslim

League and Genesis of Pakistan–Towards Independence and Partition–Indian Independence Act, 1947–India Wins

Freedom -India after Independence: Challenges of Partition–Integration of the Indian Princely States; Kashmir,

Hyderabad and Junagarh–B.R.Ambedkar – The Making of the Indian Constitution and its Features–The Structure

of Bureaucracy–New Education Policy–Economic Policies and the Planning process: Development, Displacement

and Tribal Issues–Linguistic Re-organisation of States–Centre-State Relations–Foreign Policy Initiatives–Panchsheel–

Dynamics of Indian Politics–Emergency–Liberalisation–Privatisation and Globalisation of Indian Economy.

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Code No: 20

SUBJECT : HISTORY EDUCATION

SYLLABUS

Unit 1 Introduction to Indian History

Sources of Indian – History – Geography of Indian- Harappan civilization – Vedic age – Jainism and Buddhism

– Mauryas: Chandra Gupta–Ashoka – Mauryan administration – Kanishka – Guptas: Samudra Gupta – Chandra

Gupta II – Classical age – Harshavarthana. Arab conquest of Sindh and Muslim invasions slave dynasty – Alauddin

Khilji – Thuglaqs–Society – Religion and culture under the Vijayanagar rule – Mughals–Babar to Aurangzeb –

Shershah Suri–Administration – Society, Religion and Culture under the Mughals – Shivaji – Maratha administration.

Unit 2 British Rule in India

Foundation of British rule in India – Robert Clive – Warren Hastings – Corn Wallis, Wellesley, Hastings, William

Bentinck – Dalhousie–Great Mutiny 1857 – Social and religious reform movements in India in the nineteenth

century – Indian – National Movement – Constitutional development in India from 1858 to 1947 and afterwards.

Unit – 3 Developmental Policies

Integration of Indian States – Republican Constitution of India, Gandhian and Nehru Eras – India’s role in

world affairs–Sources of the History of Tamil Nadu – Sangam age and its culture – Pallava dynasty – Social,

Economic, Religious and Cultural developments under Pallavas – Imperial Cholas and their administration,

Social Life, religion and culture.

Unit – 4 History of Tamil Nadu

Later Pandyas and the Muslim invasions in Tamil Nadu Thirumalainaickar – Later Polygar rebellion – Tamil Nadu

and Freedom struggle – Social reform movements in Tamil Nadu – Political social and economic developments in

Tamil Nadu since 1947–The coming of the Europeans–European Settlements in Tamil Nadu–economic and religious

activities–European interference in native states. Karnatic wars–Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan in Tamil Nadu–Nayaks

of Madurai–Gingee–Tanjore–Vellore–Administration-Art, Architecture–Social Life and Cultural expansion.

Unit – 5 International History

Unification of Italy and Germany – Russian revolution – First World War and Peace Treaties – League of

Nations, Rise of Dictatorships – Hitler, Mussolini and Kamal Paksha – II World War – U.N.O. and Cold War–

Geographical discoveries, Renaissance and Reformation Age of Enlightened depots – Industrial and Agrarian

revolutions – French revolution – Napoleon – Congress of Vienna.

Unit 6–Foundations of Education

Philosophical Perspectives: Idealism, Naturalism, Pragmatism, Progressivism, Existentialism, Humanism, Realism,

Eclecticism – Philosophers and their contributions: Western Philosophers: Rousseau, Froebel, Maria Montessori,

Pestalozzi, Bertrand Russell, John Dewey – Indian Philosophers: Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore,

Swami Vivekananda, J.Krishnamurti, Aurobindo – Development of Indian Education during Pre-Independence,

Post-Independence, Modern era–Important Education Committees – Recommendations of National Education Policies,

National Curriculum Frameworks.

Sociological Perspectives: Concepts of Special and Inclusive Education, Women Education, Population Education,

Vocational Education, Environmental Education for sustainable development-UN SDG goals, Human Rights:

UN Declaration of Human Rights, Peace and Value Education – Indian Constitution: Articles and Amendments

related to Education–Culture and Communication in Education – Social issues: Measures and Reforms – Social

Structure, Socialization process – Social stratification – Indigenous Value systems – History and Culture of

Tamil Nadu: Social Equality, Language, Culture and Politics.

Unit 7 - Educational Psychology

Educational Psychology – Cognitive, Humanistic, Behavioural and Transpersonal school of thoughts –

Role of heredity and environment – Dimensions of Development: Physical, Cognitive, Psycho-Social, Moral,

Behavioural, Language – Theories of Development: Piaget, Bruner, Kohlberg, Erickson, Vygotsky, Noam Chomsky,

Watson–Developmental tasks – Sensation and Perception–Factors of learning: Attention, Interest, Aspiration,

TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY

Motivation and its types, Motivational Theories: Maslow, McDougall’s, McClelland – Learning, Factors of Learning,

Theories: Trial & Error, Operant and Classical Conditioning, Insight and Gestalt – Intelligence: Theories – Single-

Factor, Two-Factor, Triarchic, Group and Multi-factor theory, Guilford’s Structure of Intellect, Gardner’s Multiple

Intelligence theory, Factor Personality: Type and Trait theories – Personality Assessment methods and techniques

– Educational Implications of Learning, Intelligence and Personality theories – Mental Health, Adjustment and

Defense mechanisms – Concepts of Guidance and Counselling.

Unit 8- Pedagogical approaches