[1]

DTP—III-2—Sup. (32A)

TAMIL NADU

GOVERNMENT GAZETTE

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

No. 32A]

CHENNAI, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 12, 2026

Aadi 27, Parabhava, Thiruvalluvar Aandu–2057

[Regd. No. TN/CCN/467/2012-14.

GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU

[R. Dis. No. 197/2009.

2026

[Price: Rs. 12.80 Paise

Part III—Section 2

(Supplement)

NOTIFICATIONS BY HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS, ETC.

JUDICIAL NOTIFICATION

Pages.

The Madras High Court Video Conferencing Rules, 2026 ..

2-31

JUDICIAL NOTIFICATION

The Madras High Court Video Conferencing Rules, 2026

(Roc.No.1166A/2024/Comp4/VC)

No. SRO C-24/2026.

INDEX

RULES

1. Preliminary

1.1 Title, Application and Commencement

2. Definitions

3. General Principles Governing Video Conferencing

3.1 Applicability and Relationship with Applicable Law

3.2 Permissibility of Video Conferencing

3.3 Discretion of the Court

3.4 Nature of Proceedings

3.5 Application of Statutory Provisions

3.6 Use of Secure Technology

3.7 Security and Breach Reporting

3.8 Prohibition on Unauthorised Recording

3.9 Decorum and Conduct of Participants

3.10 Verification of Identity

3.11 Recording of Presence and Participation

3.12 Audio-Visual Quality

3.13 Timing of Proceedings

3.14 Consent to Recording

3.15 Proceedings Not Ordinarily Conducted through Video Conferencing

3.16 Applicability to Commissioners and Inquiry Officers

3.17 Overriding Control of the Court

4. Availability of Video Conferencing

4.1 General Availability

4.2 Mentioning through Video Conferencing

4.3 In Camera Proceedings

4.4 Security and Access Control

5. Application for Conduct of Proceedings through Video Conferencing

5.1 Power of Court

5.2 No Formal Application in Ordinary Cases

5.3 Applications when Specific Requirements are made

5.4 Criminal Proceedings

5.5 Civil Proceedings

5.6 Participation of Parties and Advocates

5.7 Directions by Court

5.8 Costs

5.9 Special Situations

6. Service of Summons / Processes

6.1 Contents of Summons

6.2 Documents with Summons

6.3 Application of Procedural Law

6.4 Saving of Court’s Powers

NOTIFICATIONS BY HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS, ETC.

7. Examination of Witnesses through Video Conferencing

7.1 Verification of Identity

7.2 Time of Examination

7.3 Safeguards in Case of Accused

7.4 Administration of Oath

7.5 Recording and Authentication of Evidence

7.6 Procedure for Signature and Authentication

7.7 Recording and Preservation

7.8 Protection of Privacy

7.9 Role of Remote Site Coordinator

7.10 Continuity of Proceedings

7.11 Place of Examination

7.12 Examination in Exceptional Circumstances

7.13 Power to Decline Video Conferencing

7.14 Residual Powers

8. Conduct of Criminal Proceedings through Video Conferencing

8.1 Electronic Conduct of Proceedings

8.2 Appearance of Persons

8.3 Production of Accused and Remand

8.4 Framing of Charges and Examination

8.5 Recording of Evidence

8.6 Discharge Proceedings

8.7 Examination of Accused in Custody

8.8 Pronouncement of Judgment

8.9 Multi-Party Video Conferencing

8.10 Exceptional Circumstances

8.11 Examination of Child Witnesses

8.12 Plea Bargaining

8.13 Overriding Control

9. Reference to and Exhibition of Documents

9.1 General Principles

9.2 Mode of Reference

9.3 Transmission of Documents

9.4 Marking and Exhibition

9.5 Procedure for Handling Exhibits

9.6 Authentication and Integrity

9.7 Custody and Preservation

9.8 Power to Issue Directions

9.9 Residual Application of Law

10. Public Access to Proceedings

10.1 Open Court Principle

10.2 Presence of Non-Parties

11. Interpretation

12. Practice Directions

13. Power to Remove Difficulties

14. Residual Provisions

15. Repeal and Savings

15.1 Repeal

15.2 Savings

PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS – Video Conferencing No. 1

1. General Conduct and Discipline

1.1 General Conduct

1.2 Dress Code and Appearance

1.3 Courtroom Protocol

1.4 Mode of Address

1.5 Environment and Surroundings

1.6 Control and Regulation

2. Infrastructure, Facilities, and Equipment

2.1 Minimum Infrastructure

2.2 Connectivity

2.3 Physical Conditions

2.4 Court Site Facilities

2.5 Remote Site Facilities

2.6 Safeguards at Non-Judicial Locations

2.7 Institutional Video Conferencing Facilities

3. Video Conferencing Platform Requirements

3.1 Functional Capabilities

3.2 Administrative Features

3.3 Security and Data Protection

3.4 Compatibility and Accessibility

3.5 Confidential Communication

3.6 Control and Preservation

4. Preparatory Arrangements

4.1 Appointment of Coordinators

4.2 Designation of Remote Site Coordinator

4.3 Duties of Coordinators

4.4 Advance Notice and Documents

4.5 Pre-Hearing Arrangements

4.6 Assistance to Participants

4.7 Special Provisions

4.8 Payment of Honorarium

5. Technical and Operational Duties

5.1 Duties of Court Site Coordinator

5.2 Duties of Remote Participants

5.3 Technical Compliance

5.4 Satisfaction of the Court

5.5 Resolution of Technical Difficulties

5.6 Publication of Access Details

6. Compliance and Access

6.1 Compliance with Practice Directions

6.2 Verification of Identity

6.3 Access to Video Conferencing Proceedings

6.4 Regulation of Proceedings

6.5 Satisfaction of Court

6.6 Reporting Technical Issues

7. General Procedure

7.1 Applicability

7.2 Use of Technology

7.3 Identification and Verification

7.4 Civil Proceedings Confirmation

7.5 Criminal Proceedings Confirmation

7.6 Scheduling

7.7 Witness Examination (Accused in Custody)

8. Oral Arguments

8.1 Applicability of Physical Court Procedure

8.2 Submission of Authorities and Notes

9. Costs of Video Conferencing

9.1 General Principles

9.2 Costs in Criminal Proceedings

9.3 Costs in Civil Proceedings

9.4 Discretion of the Court

10. Recording of Proceedings

10.1 Recording in Order Sheet

10.2 Preservation of Recordings

11. Presence of Third Parties

11.1 Permission of Court

11.2 Nature of Participation

11.3 Identification and Disclosure

11.4 Continuance of Presence

12. Legal Aid, Lok Adalat, and Jail Adalat

12.1 Conduct through Video Conferencing

12.2 Examination by Competent Authority

12.3 Legal Effect

12.4 Transmission of Orders

Whereas, in order to avoid delay in judicial proceedings arising from the non-availability of parties,

advocates, witnesses, and accused persons physically before the Court, it is expedient to formalise and

facilitate the use of electronic communication and audio-video electronic means for conducting trials,

inquiries, and proceedings before the Court including under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023

(“BNSS”).

Whereas, the “BNSS”, under Sections 54, 63, 64, 70, 71, 94, 154, 183, 187, 193, 209, 227, 230, 231,

251, 254, 262, 265, 266, 308, 310, 316, 336, 355, 356, 392, and 530, recognises the use of audio-video

electronic means and other forms of electronic communication for various stages of judicial proceedings.

Whereas, Section 530 of the “BNSS” provides that all trials, inquiries, and proceedings under the said

Sanhita, including examination of complainants and witnesses, recording of evidence in inquiries and trials,

as well as appellate proceedings or any other proceedings, may be conducted in electronic mode through

the use of electronic communication or audio-video electronic means.

Whereas, it has become necessary and expedient to formally enable, regulate, and standardise the

conduct of proceedings by Courts and Tribunals through video conferencing.

Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred under Articles 225 and 227(2)(b) of the Constitution

of India, Section 122 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, Section 523 of the “BNSS”, Clauses 37 and

38 of the Letters Patent, and all other enabling provisions in this behalf, the Madras High Court hereby

makes the following Rules:

1. Preliminary: Title, Application and Commencement

1. These Rules shall be called “The Madras High Court Video Conferencing Rules, 2026.”

2. These Rules shall apply to all Courts and Tribunals (except those established under Acts of

Parliament) situated within the State of Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry, and

functioning under the supervisory jurisdiction of the Madras High Court.

3. These Rules shall come into effect from the date notified by the High Court of Madras, by

publication in the Official Gazettes of the Governments of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.

2. Definitions

In these Rules, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. “Advocate” means an advocate as defined under the Advocates Act, 1961 and includes officers

of the Department of Prosecution and Government Pleaders.

2. “Advocate’s Remote Site” means a place from where an advocate may appear through a

live link, including an advocate’s chamber, office, or any place notified by the Bar for video

conferencing.

3. “Applicable Law” means any Act and rules made there under (whether substantive or procedural)

applicable to a Court or proceedings therein.

4. “Authorised Representative” means any person, including a Presenting Officer, authorised under

Applicable Law to represent a party before a Court or Tribunal.

5. “Chief Justice” means the Chief Justice of the High Court of Judicature at Madras.

6. “Commissioner” means a person appointed as Commissioner under the provisions of the Code

of Civil Procedure, 1908, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, the “BNSS”, or any other law

for the time being in force.

7. “Coordinator” means a person nominated to assist and facilitate video conferencing at the Court

Site or Remote Site.

8. “Court” means the Principal Bench and Madurai Bench of the High Court of Judicature at

Madras, all Courts in the District Judiciary of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, Lok Adalats, mediation

centres, and all Tribunals within its territorial jurisdiction (except those established under Acts of

Parliament), whether functioning physically or virtually.

9. “Court Site” means the courtroom or any other place where the Judge(s) or Presiding Officer(s)

is/are physically present, or any place where proceedings are conducted pursuant to directions

of the Court, including by a Commissioner or Inquiry Officer.

10. “Court User” means a person permitted to participate in Court proceedings through video

conferencing at a Court Site.

11. “Designated Place” means any one or more places specified where the facilities are made

available for use of electronic communication or use of audio-video electronic means with Court’s

site and shall include Vulnerable Witness Deposition Centres from where such witnesses may

be recorded;

12. “Designated Video Conferencing Technology” means any software and/or hardware approved

by the High Court from time to time for conducting video conferencing or other audio-visual

electronic communication.

13. “E-Filing” means electronic filing of applications through the e-filing portal or any other portal

approved by the High Court.

14. “Hybrid Video Conferencing” means a hearing where some participants appear physically and

others join through video conferencing.

15. “Judicial Proceedings” means proceedings before a Court and includes disciplinary proceedings.

16. “Justifiable Circumstances” means circumstances where it is not practicable, in the opinion of

the Court, to conduct proceedings in the usual manner, including pandemics, natural calamities,

law and order situations, health or safety concerns, or any other similar situation.

17. “Live Link” means an audio-visual link enabling live and near-simultaneous communication

between the Court Site and Remote Site.

18. “Participant” includes:

(a) a party to the proceedings;

(b) a witness, complainant, or any person to be examined;

(d) an Authorised Representative;

(e) any other person permitted by the Court.

19. “Practice Directions (Video Conferencing)” means directions issued by the Chief Justice from

time to time for effective conduct of proceedings through video conferencing.

20. “Remote Site” means any place other than the Court Site from where a person participates in

proceedings through video conferencing.

21. “Remote User” means a person participating in proceedings from a Remote Site through video

conferencing.

22. “Required Person” includes:

(i) a witness, complainant, or any person to be examined;

(ii) a person in whose presence proceedings are to be conducted, including an accused;

(iii) an advocate or party-in-person;

(iv) any person, including a victim, required to make submissions before the Court;

(v) any other person permitted by the Court.

23. “Rules” means The Madras High Court Video Conferencing Rules, 2026.

24. “Tribunal” includes all Tribunals under the supervisory jurisdiction of the High Court of Judicature

at Madras, except those established under Acts of Parliament.

25. “Video Conferencing” means live and near-simultaneous audio-visual communication between

the Court and Remote Users through designated technology.

3. General Principles Governing Video Conferencing and Other Modes of Audio-Visual Electronic

Communication

3.1 Applicability and Relationship with Applicable Law

1. These Rules shall be supplementary to the Applicable Law, and the provisions of such law shall

apply mutatis mutandis to all judicial proceedings conducted through video conferencing or other

modes of audio-visual electronic communication.

2. In the event of any inconsistency between these Rules and the Applicable Law, including procedural

laws, the provisions of the Applicable Law shall prevail to the extent of such inconsistency.

3.2 Permissibility of Video Conferencing

1. Subject to these Rules and the Applicable Law, video conferencing or other modes of audio-

visual electronic communication may be used at all stages of judicial or disciplinary proceedings,

including but not limited to (a) hearings; (b) recording of evidence; (c) examination of parties,

witnesses, or accused persons; and (d) appellate or ancillary proceedings.

2. Where any person required to be present before the Court is unable to appear physically, the

Court may permit such participation through video conferencing.

3.3 Discretion of the Court

1. The Court may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, permit the conduct of proceedings through

video conferencing at any stage, where it is satisfied that such mode is necessary or expedient;

and the same would not prejudice the fairness of the proceedings.

2. The Court may impose such conditions as it deems fit to ensure the integrity, security, and

fairness of the proceedings.

3. The order sheet or record of proceedings shall clearly indicate that the proceedings were

conducted through video conferencing or other electronic means.

3.4 Nature of Proceedings

1. All proceedings conducted through video conferencing or other audio-visual electronic means shall

be deemed to be judicial proceedings.

2. All courtesies, decorum, protocol, and procedural safeguards applicable to physical court proceedings

shall apply mutatis mutandis.

3.5 Application of Statutory Provisions

All relevant statutory provisions, including those under the “BNSS”; the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam,

2023; the Information Technology Act, 2000; and the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, shall apply to

proceedings conducted through video conferencing.

3.6 Use of Secure Technology

1. Proceedings shall ordinarily be conducted only through designated and secure video conferencing

platforms approved by the High Court or the Government.

2. Such platforms shall, as far as practicable, incorporate end-to-end encryption; access control

mechanisms; and safeguards to ensure confidentiality and data protection.

3. Notwithstanding the above, the Court may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, permit the use

of any other suitable technology in a given case.

3.7 Security and Breach Reporting

1. Any instance of unauthorised access; hacking attempt; or security breach, shall be reported

forthwith to the Court by the Remote Site Coordinator at the remote site and the Ministerial

staff / Bench Clerk at the court site.

2. The Court shall take appropriate action in accordance with law.

3. All such incidents shall be:

(a) documented and logged; and

(b) reported to the High Court for review and audit.

4. The site Co-ordinator at the remote site of designated place to ensure no electronic devices are

carried by anyone during the proceeding.

3.8 Prohibition on Unauthorised Recording

1. No person shall record, store, transmit, publish, or disseminate any judicial proceedings conducted

through video conferencing or other audio-visual electronic means, except with the prior permission

of the Court.

2. Any violation of this provision shall be dealt with in accordance with law, including action under

the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 and other applicable statutes.

3.9 Decorum and Conduct of Participants

1. All participants shall maintain punctuality; keep microphones muted when not speaking; avoid

interruptions, disturbances, or background noise; and conduct themselves in a manner befitting

the dignity of the Court.

2. All participants, including advocates, parties, witnesses, police officials, and court staff, shall

adhere to the dress code prescribed for physical court proceedings, subject to such relaxation

as may be permitted by the Court.

3. Any disturbance, misconduct, or breach of decorum may result in exclusion from proceedings;

recommencement of proceedings; or such other orders as the Court may deem fit.

4. All proceedings shall comply, as far as practicable, with the provisions of the Rights of Persons

with Disabilities Act, 2016 to ensure meaningful access to justice.

3.10 Verification of Identity

1. The identity of all participants shall be verified through a valid proof of identity recognised by

the Government of India, State Government, or Union Territory.

2. Such proof may be furnished through electronic means or produced during the proceedings, as

directed by the Court.

3. Where such proof is not available, the Court may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, permit

participation upon being otherwise satisfied as to the identity of the person.

3.11 Recording of Presence and Participation

1. Prior to commencement of proceedings, the presence of all participants shall be recorded.

2. Participants shall join the proceedings through the designated platform and, where applicable,

remain in the virtual waiting area until admitted.

3.12 Audio-Visual Quality

The Court shall ensure that all participants are able to clearly see and hear the proceedings; and

the proceedings are conducted with adequate audio and video clarity at all times.

3.13 Timing of Proceedings

Video conferencing shall ordinarily be conducted during Court working hours, unless otherwise directed

by the Court.

3.14 Consent to Recording

Participation in proceedings through video conferencing shall be deemed to constitute consent to

recording of such proceedings at the Court Site, where recording is undertaken in accordance with law.

3.15 Proceedings Not Ordinarily Conducted through Video Conferencing

The following proceedings shall not ordinarily be conducted through video conferencing, unless

otherwise permitted by law or by specific order of the Court:

(a) recording of judicial confessions of an accused person;

(b) such other proceedings as the Court may, for reasons to be recorded, consider inappropriate

for conduct through video conferencing.

3.16 Applicability to Commissioners and Inquiry Officers

These Rules shall apply mutatis mutandis to proceedings conducted by Commissioners appointed by

the Court; and Inquiry Officers or other authorised authorities.

3.17 Overriding Control of the Court

Notwithstanding anything contained in these Rules, the Court shall retain complete control and

supervision over proceedings conducted through video conferencing and may issue such directions

as are necessary to secure the ends of justice.

4. Availability of Video Conferencing

4.1 General Availability

1. Hybrid video conferencing facilities shall ordinarily be made available during Court working hours,

subject to such directions as may be issued by the Court.

2. During the hearing of cases, the video conferencing platform may remain active, enabling

participants to join proceedings, subject to the control and directions of the Court.

4.2 Mentioning through Video Conferencing

The Court may permit mentioning through video conferencing, either before or after physical mentioning,

subject to the convenience of the Court.

4.3 In Camera Proceedings

1. In proceedings directed to be conducted in camera, a separate and secure video conferencing

link shall be used.

2. The Court shall ensure that appropriate safeguards are in place to maintain confidentiality and

integrity of such proceedings.

3. Where in camera proceedings are conducted physically, the video conferencing facility shall be

disabled or suspended for the duration of such proceedings, as directed by the Court.

4.4 Security and Access Control

Any unauthorised access, attempted breach, or technical compromise shall be reported forthwith to

the Court and dealt with in accordance with law by the Remote Site Coordinator at the remote site

and the Ministerial staff / Bench Clerk at the court site.

5. Application for Conduct of Proceedings through Video Conferencing

5.1 Power of Court

The Court may, either suo motu or on application by any party, witness, or other permitted person,

direct that proceedings be conducted through video conferencing or other audio-visual electronic

communication.

5.2 No Formal Application in Ordinary Cases

Except where otherwise directed, no formal application shall ordinarily be required for participation

through video conferencing, particularly in hybrid hearings or for appearance of advocates.

5.3 Applications when Specific Requirements are made

1. Where a formal application is made, it shall ordinarily be supported by an affidavit specifying

the justifiable circumstances; and particulars of the proposed Remote Site, where relevant.

2. Except in urgent matters, such application shall be decided after notice to the other parties.

5.4 Criminal Proceedings

In criminal proceedings, the Court may regulate participation through video conferencing in accordance

with applicable law, having regard to the nature of proceedings and rights of the accused.

5.5 Civil Proceedings

In civil proceedings, the Court may permit or direct conduct of proceedings through video conferencing

at its discretion.

5.6 Participation of Parties and Advocates

1. Parties required to appear may be permitted to do so through video conferencing, subject to

compliance with Rule 3 and other safeguards.

2. Advocates may appear from any remote site for the purpose of making submissions or conducting

examination, subject to directions of the Court.

5.7 Directions by Court

The Court may, while permitting proceedings through video conferencing, issue such directions as

may be necessary, including:

(a) fixing the schedule of proceedings;

(b) appointment of Coordinators, where required, in accordance with Practice Directions;

(d) provision for in camera proceedings, where necessary;

(e) filing of written submissions or compilations;

(f) allocation of costs and expenses; and

(g) any other incidental or ancillary directions.

5.8 Costs

Where conduct of proceedings through video conferencing requires additional arrangements, the Court

may direct payment of reasonable expenses by such party as it deems fit.

5.9 Special Situations

1. The Court may permit participation through video conferencing in appropriate cases, including

matrimonial matters or where parties are located at different jurisdictions.

2. Proceedings shall ordinarily be scheduled with reference to Indian Standard Time, unless otherwise

directed.

6. Service of Summons / Processes

6.1 Contents of Summons

A summons or process issued for appearance through video conferencing shall, where applicable:

(a) specify the date and time of the proceedings;

(b) indicate the Remote Site or designated place, if any;

(d) provide contact details or mode for obtaining access to the video conferencing platform.

6.2 Documents with Summons

Where a witness is to be examined with reference to any document, the Court may direct that a

copy of such document be made available in advance, in accordance with Rule 9.

6.3 Application of Procedural Law

All provisions relating to service of summons or processes, including consequences of non-attendance,

under applicable procedural laws shall apply mutatis mutandis to proceedings conducted through

video conferencing.

6.4 Saving of Court’s Powers

Nothing in this Rule shall preclude the Court from conducting proceedings through electronic means

in accordance with applicable law, even where service is effected by conventional modes.

7. Examination of Witnesses and Other Persons through Video Conferencing and Audio-Visual

Electronic Communication

7.1 Verification of Identity

1. Any person to be examined through video conferencing or other audio-visual electronic communication

shall, prior to such examination, establish his or her identity in accordance with Rule 3.10.

2. In the absence of a valid proof of identity, the Court may permit such examination upon the

person furnishing an affidavit, duly attested by a competent authority, affirming that he or she

is the same person who is to depose before the Court.

3. A copy of such proof of identity or affidavit shall be made available to the opposite party, where

required.

7.2 Time of Examination

The examination of a person through video conferencing shall ordinarily be conducted during Court

working hours, unless otherwise directed by the Court.

7.3 Safeguards in Case of Accused

Where the person to be examined is an accused, the Court shall ensure that:

1. the identity of such person has been duly established in accordance with Rule 3.10; and

2. such person is afforded adequate opportunity to consult with his or her advocate before and

after the proceedings.

7.4 Administration of Oath

The oath or affirmation to the person examined shall be administered by the Court or by such person

as may be authorised by the Court, including the Court Site Coordinator, in accordance with law.

7.5 Recording and Authentication of Evidence

1. The Court shall record the evidence of the person examined and, upon completion, shall read

over and explain the recorded evidence to such person; and obtain confirmation of its correctness.

2. The transcript of such evidence shall be authenticated and shall form part of the judicial record

in accordance with the procedure specified in this Rule.

7.6 Procedure for Signature and Authentication of Transcript

(A) Where Digital Signature Facilities are Available

1. The transcript digitally signed by the Judge or Presiding Officer shall be transmitted electronically

to the Remote Site.

2. The person examined shall take a printout of the transcript; and sign the same;

3. The signed copy shall be scanned; be digitally certified by the Remote Site Coordinator; and

be transmitted back to the Court Site.

4. The electronically transmitted copy shall form part of the judicial record.

5. A physical copy shall be dispatched to the Court, preferably within three days, through recognised

courier or speed post.

6. Upon receipt, the Judge shall verify and endorse the document as follows:

“Verified and compared with the scanned copy and found to be identical.”

(B) Where Digital Signature Facilities are Not Available

1. The transcript signed by the Judge shall be transmitted to the Remote Site in non-editable

scanned format.

2. The person examined shall take a printout; and sign the same;

3. The document shall be countersigned by the Remote Site Coordinator.

4. The signed document shall be retransmitted to the Court Site in non-editable format.

5. A printout shall be taken at the Court Site and signed by the Judge, and shall form part of the

record.

6. A physical copy shall be dispatched to the Court within three days, and upon receipt, shall be

verified in the manner specified above.

7.7 Recording and Preservation

1. An audio-visual recording of the proceedings shall be made at the Court Site and shall form

part of the judicial record.

2. The recording shall be preserved till disposal of appeal or revision in accordance with applicable

rules and directions of the Court or the High Court.

3. Where feasible:

(a) an encrypted master copy, including hash value, may be maintained to ensure integrity of

the record; and

(b) a secure backup recording may also be maintained for verification purposes, subject to

directions of the Court.

7.8 Protection of Privacy

The Court may, either on application or suo motu, direct appropriate measures to protect the privacy,

identity, or dignity of the person examined, having regard to age, gender, physical or mental condition,

or other relevant factors.

The anonymity of victims and witnesses shall be maintained in all records and proceedings through

the use of dummy names, face-masking, pixelation, avatar masking, electronic distortion of voice, or

such other protective measures as the Court may deem fit.

7.9 Role of Remote Site Coordinator

1. The Remote Site Coordinator shall perform duties assigned under Practice Directions,

including ensuring that:

(a) no unauthorised person is present at the Remote Site;

(b) the person examined is not coached, prompted, or influenced;

2. All such functions shall be carried out subject to the control, supervision, and directions of the Court.

3. The Court may, where necessary, call for CCTV footage of the Remote Site, where available

and as directed by the Court.

7.10 Continuity of Proceedings

The examination shall, as far as practicable, proceed without interruption or unnecessary adjournment;

however, the Court or Commissioner may grant adjournments on such terms as deemed fit.

7.11 Place of Examination

1. The Court may permit a person to be examined from a designated place; or any other appropriate

location, including residence or workplace, for reasons to be recorded.

2. Provided that, the evidence of a witness shall ordinarily be recorded from a designated place,

except in exceptional circumstances.

7.12 Examination in Exceptional Circumstances

Where a person is unable to attend the Court Site or designated place due to illness; physical

infirmity; or undue hardship, delay, or expense, the Court may permit examination from such place

where the person is located and may direct use of appropriate safeguards, including portable video

conferencing systems.

7.13 Power to Decline Video Conferencing

The Court may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, decline to permit examination through video

conferencing where it is of the opinion that such examination would not be conducive to the effective

or fair conduct of proceedings.

7.14 Residual Powers of Court

The Court may impose such further conditions or directions as may be necessary in the facts and

circumstances of the case to ensure the fairness, integrity, and effectiveness of the examination.

8. Conduct of Criminal Proceedings through Video Conferencing and Audio-Visual Electronic

Communication

8.1 Electronic Conduct of Proceedings

1. Subject to the provisions of the “BNSS” and these Rules, all criminal proceedings, including:

(a) trials;

(b) inquiries;

(d) examination of complainants and witnesses; and

(e) appellate or ancillary proceedings,

may be conducted through video conferencing or other audio-visual electronic communication.

2. Such proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with Section 530 of the “BNSS” and other

applicable provisions of law.

8.2 Appearance of Persons through Video Conferencing

1. Any person required to appear before the Court, including an accused, may be permitted to appear

through video conferencing, subject to the provisions of law and these Rules.

2. Provided that, the first appearance of an accused before the Court shall ordinarily be in physical

form, unless the Court, for reasons to be recorded in writing, permits such appearance through

video conferencing.

8.3 Production of Accused and Remand Proceedings

1. An accused in judicial custody may be produced before the Court through video conferencing for

the purposes of remand, except for the first remand or such proceedings as are not ordinarily

permissible through video conferencing under law.

2. The Court may authorise police custody or extend judicial custody through video conferencing,

subject to satisfaction of legal requirements.

3. Where the accused is already in custody in the same or any other case, or is undergoing a

sentence, the Court may extend remand during inquiry or trial through video conferencing.

8.4 Framing of Charges and Examination of Accused

1. Charges may be read over and explained to the accused through video conferencing, and the

plea of the accused may be recorded.

2. The examination of the accused under the relevant provisions of law may be conducted through

video conferencing.

3. Authentication of such statements shall be carried out in accordance with the procedure prescribed

under these Rules.

8.5 Recording of Evidence

1. The evidence of witnesses may be recorded through video conferencing in accordance with Rule

7 of these Rules.

2. Public servants, police officers, and expert witnesses may depose through video conferencing from

appropriate locations, without the necessity of appearing at a designated place, unless otherwise

directed by the Court.

3. The Court may permit police personnel to depose from designated place, including witness rooms

in District Police Headquarters or other appropriate locations.

4. The accused shall be present during the recording of evidence, either physically or through video

conferencing, in accordance with law.

8.6 Discharge Proceedings

The Court may, where necessary, examine the accused through video conferencing prior to passing

orders of discharge, in accordance with law.

8.7 Examination of Accused in Custody

Where an accused in custody is examined through video conferencing, the Court shall ensure

proper identification of the accused, in accordance with Rule 3; and authentication of statements or

signatures within a reasonable time, preferably within seventy-two hours, through appropriate means

including biometric or other legally recognised methods.

8.8 Pronouncement of Judgment

1. The pronouncement of judgment may be conducted through video conferencing, in accordance with

applicable law.

2. An accused in custody may be permitted to hear the pronouncement of judgment through video

conferencing, subject to compliance with legal requirements.

8.9 Multi-Party Video Conferencing

1. In cases involving recording of evidence where the accused is in custody, the Court may direct

a multi-party video conferencing arrangement enabling simultaneous participation of the Court; the

witness; and the accused.

2. The Court shall ensure that such arrangement does not prejudice the right of defence of the accused

and that all safeguards under law are complied with.

8.10 Exceptional Circumstances

The Court may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, permit examination of witnesses through video

conferencing in exceptional circumstances, subject to ensuring that there is no coercion, inducement,

or undue influence; and all safeguards under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 and other

applicable laws are complied with.

8.11 Examination of Child Witnesses

1. The testimony of child witnesses may be recorded through video conferencing from Vulnerable Witness

Deposition Centres; Court video conferencing facilities; or offices of the District Legal Services Authority,

within whose jurisdiction the child ordinarily resides.

2. In inter-State or inter-district cases, such examination shall be conducted with due regard to:

(a) the best interests of the child; and

(b) safeguards relating to privacy and protection.

3. Where the child resides outside the jurisdiction of the Court, intimation shall be given to the concerned

District Judge or authority at the Remote Site to facilitate such examination.

8.12 Plea Bargaining

The Court may conduct proceedings relating to plea bargaining through video conferencing in

accordance with the provisions of Chapter XXIII of the “BNSS”.

8.13 Overriding Control of the Court

All criminal proceedings conducted through video conferencing shall be subject to the overriding

control and supervision of the Court in accordance with Rule 3.17, and the Court may issue such

directions or impose such conditions as may be necessary to ensure fairness of the trial, protection

of the rights of the accused, and integrity of the judicial process.

9. Reference to and Exhibition of Documents through Video Conferencing

9.1 General Principles

1. Where any judicial proceeding is conducted through video conferencing or other audio-visual

electronic communication, documents may be referred to, transmitted; shown; or exhibited, through

electronic means, in accordance with these Rules and applicable law.

2. The admissibility, proof, and evidentiary value of such documents shall be governed by the

Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023; the “BNSS”; and other applicable laws.

9.2 Mode of Reference to Documents

1. Where a document is required to be shown to a person examined through video conferencing:

(A) Where the document is at the Court Site:

(a) the document may be displayed using a document visualiser or equivalent device; or

(b) an electronic copy may be shared through screen-sharing or other secure electronic means.

(B) Where the document is at the Remote Site:

(a) a copy or image of the document shall be transmitted electronically to the Court Site;

(b) the same shall be simultaneously shown to the person being examined;

9.3 Transmission of Documents

1. Documents may be transmitted through designated video conferencing platforms; official e-mail; or

such other secure electronic means as may be approved by the Court.

2. All documents transmitted electronically shall be in a non-editable format, wherever practicable; and

be accompanied by sufficient identification details.

3. The Court may issue directions to ensure authenticity; integrity; and proper custody of such documents.

9.4 Marking and Exhibition of Documents

1. The Court may, upon being satisfied as to the identity and relevance of a document, permit such

document to be marked or exhibited, subject to objections, if any.

2. The marking or exhibition of documents shall be recorded in the order sheet or deposition record.

9.5 Procedure for Handling Exhibits

(A) Where the Document is at the Remote Site

1. The document shall:

(a) be signed or acknowledged by the person concerned, where required;

(b) be certified by the Remote Site Coordinator; and

2. The document shall thereafter:

(a) be transmitted electronically to the Court; and

(b) be dispatched in physical form to the Court, preferably within three days, through recognised

courier or registered post.

3. With permission of the Court, such document may also be uploaded through the e-filing system.

(B) Where the Document is at the Court Site

The Court Site Coordinator shall:

(a) mark the document with the exhibit number assigned by the Court; and

(b) ensure that the document forms part of the judicial record.

9.6 Authentication and Integrity

1. The Court shall ensure that all documents referred to or exhibited through video conferencing are:

(a) properly authenticated; and

(b) protected against tampering or unauthorised alteration.

2. Where necessary, the Court may direct use of digital signatures; hash values; or other technological

safeguards.

9.7 Custody and Preservation

1. All documents transmitted, referred to, or exhibited through video conferencing shall form part of the

judicial record.

2. The Court shall ensure proper custody and preservation of such documents in accordance with

applicable rules and practice directions.

9.8 Power of Court to Issue Directions

The Court may, at any stage, issue such directions as may be necessary to ensure:

(a) proper identification of documents;

(b) prevention of misuse or unauthorised access;

(d) compliance with evidentiary requirements.

9.9 Residual Application of Law

Nothing in this Rule shall derogate from the provisions of applicable law governing admissibility of

evidence; proof of documents; or evidentiary standards.

10. Public Access to Proceedings

10.1 Open Court Principle

1. Except where proceedings are directed to be conducted in camera for reasons to be recorded in

writing, the Court shall endeavour to provide access to proceedings to the public, including through

video conferencing or other audio-visual electronic communication.

2. Such access shall be subject to availability of adequate infrastructure and bandwidth; and such conditions

and limitations as may be imposed by the Court in the interest of justice, privacy, or orderly conduct

of proceedings.

10.2 Presence of Non-Parties at Remote Site

1. Where any person, not being a party to the proceedings, is present at a Remote Site such person

shall be identified by the Remote Site Coordinator at the commencement of proceedings; and the

purpose of such presence shall be disclosed to the Court.

2. Such person shall be permitted to remain present only with the leave of the Court and subject to

such conditions as may be imposed.

11. Interpretation

Words and expressions used but not defined in these Rules shall have the meanings respectively

assigned to them under the applicable laws, including the “BNSS”; the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam,

2023; the Information Technology Act, 2000; and the General Clauses Act, 1897, as amended from

time to time.

12. Practice Directions

1. The Chief Justice may, from time to time, issue, amend, or withdraw Practice Directions for the

effective implementation and regulation of proceedings conducted through video conferencing or

other audio-visual electronic communication.

2. Such Practice Directions shall be consistent with these Rules and shall be substantially complied

with by all Courts and participants.

13. Power to Remove Difficulties

1. If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of these Rules, the High Court may, by

general or special order, make such provisions or give such directions, not inconsistent with the

provisions of these Rules, as may appear to it to be necessary or expedient for removing the

difficulty.

2. Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the High Court may, in any particular case

and for reasons to be recorded in writing, relax or dispense with the requirements of any

provision of these Rules, subject to such conditions as it may deem fit, in order to secure the

ends of justice.

14. Residual Provisions

All matters with respect to which no express provision has been made in these Rules shall be

decided by the Court in a manner consistent with the principles of fairness; the requirements of due

process; and the interests of justice.

15. Repeal and Savings

15.1 Repeal

The Madras High Court Video Conferencing Rules, 2020, and any corresponding rules governing

video conferencing for Courts within the State of Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry,

shall stand repealed from the date of commencement of these Rules.

15.2 Savings

Notwithstanding such repeal:

1. All actions taken, proceedings conducted, or orders passed under the repealed Rules shall be

deemed to have been validly taken or made and shall not be affected.

2. All proceedings pending as on the date of commencement of these Rules shall be deemed to

have been instituted under these Rules and shall be continued and disposed of accordingly.

3. All notifications, orders, directions, or instructions issued under the repealed Rules shall, to the

extent they are not inconsistent with these Rules, be deemed to have been issued under these

Rules and shall continue to remain in force until superseded or withdrawn by the High Court.

PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS – Video Conferencing No. 1

1.1 General Conduct and Discipline

1. All proceedings conducted through video conferencing or other modes of audio-visual electronic

communication shall be conducted with the same degree of solemnity, discipline, and decorum as is

observed in physical court proceedings, and all Participants shall conduct themselves accordingly.

2. All Advocates, Authorised Representatives, parties-in-person, witnesses, required persons, Court staff,

and any other persons permitted to participate (hereinafter collectively referred to as “Participants”)

shall:

(a) join the video conferencing proceedings punctually at the time specified by the Court;

(b) remain present throughout the proceedings unless permitted otherwise by the Court;

(d) comply with all directions issued by the Court from time to time.

1.2 Dress Code and Appearance

1. All Participants shall maintain appropriate standards of attire consistent with the dignity and decorum

of judicial proceedings:

(a) Advocates shall appear in professional attire as prescribed under the applicable laws, Bar Council

rules, and High Court rules, subject to such relaxation as may be permitted by the Court;

(b) Police officials shall appear in the prescribed uniform unless specifically exempted by the Court;

(d) Parties-in-person, witnesses, and other Participants shall be suitably and properly dressed in a

manner befitting judicial proceedings.

2. The Presiding Officer shall have the discretion to determine whether the attire of any Participant is

appropriate, and such determination shall be final.

1.3 Courtroom Protocol and Behaviour

1. All Participants shall observe proper courtroom etiquette and shall:

(a) maintain courtesy, dignity, and respect towards the Court and other Participants;

(b) refrain from interrupting the Court or other Participants;

(d) maintain attentiveness throughout the proceedings.

2. Participants shall ensure that:

(a) microphones are kept muted when not speaking;

(b) microphones are unmuted only when permitted by the Court;

3. Participants shall, as far as practicable:

(a) position themselves in a manner that ensures clear visibility;

(b) maintain steady camera positioning;

1.4 Mode of Address

Participants shall:

(a) address the Court in a respectful and appropriate manner consistent with established conventions;

(b) address Court Officers by their official designation;

1.5 Environment and Surroundings

1. Every Participant shall ensure that the place from which he or she is participating is:

(a) quiet and free from disturbance;

(b) adequately lit;

2. Participants shall ensure that:

(a) no unauthorised person is present at the location during proceedings;

(b) no external influence, interference, or distraction affects participation;

1.6 Control and Regulation by Court

1. All video conferencing proceedings shall be conducted subject to the overriding control and supervision

of the Court in accordance with Rule 3.17, and the Court may issue such directions, pass such

orders, or take such measures as may be necessary to ensure orderly, fair, and effective conduct of

proceedings.

2. Without prejudice to its inherent powers, the Court may:

(a) mute any Participant;

(b) restrict participation of any person;

(d) pass such other orders as may be necessary to ensure orderly conduct of proceedings.

2. Infrastructure, Facilities, and Equipment

2.1 Minimum Infrastructure Requirements

The following infrastructure shall, as far as practicable, be available at both the Court Site and the

Remote Site:

(a) computers, laptops, or other electronic devices with compatible software;

(b) cameras capable of transmitting clear video images;

(d) display units for proper viewing of Participants and documents;

(e) scanning and printing facilities for handling documents;

(f) facilities for transmission and sharing of documents;

(g) uninterrupted power supply systems.

2.2 Connectivity and Network Requirements

1. Adequate, stable, and reliable internet connectivity shall be ensured at all locations to facilitate

uninterrupted proceedings.

2. All systems shall incorporate reasonable safeguards, including:

(a) protection against unauthorised access;

(b) secure authentication mechanisms;

2.3 Physical Conditions at Video Conferencing Locations

All video conferencing locations shall ensure:

(a) adequate lighting;

(b) proper seating arrangements;

(d) restricted access to authorised persons only.

2.4 Facilities at Court Site

1. Courts shall, as far as practicable, be equipped with integrated video conferencing systems.

2. Court staff shall ensure:

(a) proper functioning of audio and video systems;

(b) clarity and continuity of communication;

2.5 Facilities at Remote Site

The Remote Site shall, as far as practicable, ensure:

(a) availability of appropriate devices and connectivity;

(b) facilities for document transmission;

(d) secure and controlled access.

2.6 Safeguards at Non-Judicial Locations

1. Where the Remote Site is not under the control of the Court or Judicial Department, reasonable

safeguards shall be ensured, including monitoring mechanisms, where available and as directed by

the Court.

2. Where required, appropriate methods may be adopted for authentication or execution of documents

in accordance with the Rules.

2.7 Institutional Video Conferencing Facilities

Dedicated video conferencing facilities may, as far as practicable, be established at:

(a) Court complexes;

(b) prisons;

(d) forensic laboratories;

(e) other designated institutions.

3. Video Conferencing Platform – Functional and Administrative Requirements

3.1 Functional Capabilities

The video conferencing platform designated by the High Court shall provide, at a minimum:

(a) real-time audio and video communication;

(b) screen sharing and document sharing facilities;

(d) facility for recording proceedings at the Court Site, where permitted.

3.2 Administrative and Management Features

The system shall, as far as practicable, provide:

(a) scheduling mechanisms for hearings;

(b) integration with case management systems, where available;

(d) maintenance of access logs of Participants;

(e) administrative control mechanisms at the Court Site.

3.3 Security and Data Protection

The platform shall incorporate reasonable safeguards to ensure:

(a) confidentiality of proceedings;

(b) integrity and protection of data;

3.4 Compatibility and Accessibility

The platform shall support:

(a) access across commonly used devices and operating systems;

(b) participation by multiple users simultaneously, as required by the Court.

3.51 Confidential Communication Facilities

Where required, the platform may provide facilities for confidential interaction between Participants,

including between an accused person and his or her advocate, subject to the directions of the Court.

3.6 Control and Preservation

The Court shall retain control over:

(a) the conduct and regulation of proceedings; and

(b) recording and preservation of proceedings in accordance with applicable law and Rules.

4. Preparatory Arrangements

4.1 Appointment of Coordinators

1. For every proceeding conducted through video conferencing or other audio-visual electronic communication,

there shall be a Coordinator at the Court Site (hereinafter referred to as the “Court Site Coordinator”),

who shall be responsible for facilitating and supervising the conduct of such proceedings from the

Court Site.

2. The Court Site Coordinator shall ordinarily be:

(a) the Video Conferencing Host; or

(b) such officer or member of the Court staff as may be nominated by the Court for the purpose.

3. A Coordinator at the Remote Site (hereinafter referred to as the “Remote Site Coordinator”) shall be

appointed in the following cases:

(a) where a witness in a criminal proceeding is to be examined through video conferencing;

(b) where a person accused of an offence is to be examined or produced through video

conferencing.

4. In all other cases, the Court may, having regard to:

(a) the nature of the proceedings;

(b) the status of the person participating;

(d) the necessity to ensure the integrity and fairness of the proceedings,direct the appointment

of a Remote Site Coordinator, for reasons to be recorded in writing.

5. Notwithstanding anything contained herein, the Court may, in appropriate cases and for reasons to be

recorded in writing:

(a) appoint any fit and proper person as Coordinator; or

(b) dispense with the requirement of a Remote Site Coordinator, where it is satisfied that

adequate safeguards exist.

6. All requests for appointment of a Remote Site Coordinator shall be communicated through official

electronic means, including but not limited to e-mail, e-Office systems, or such other digital platforms

as may be approved by the High Court, so as to ensure expeditious coordination and avoid delay in

proceedings.

4.2 Designation of Remote Site Coordinator

1. The Remote Site Coordinator shall, as far as practicable, be an officer or person holding a responsible

position at the location from which participation is to take place.

2. Without prejudice to the generality of the above, the Remote Site Coordinator shall ordinarily be

appointed as follows:

Sl. No.

Remote Site

Coordinator

(i)

Overseas location

Official of the Indian Consulate, Embassy, or High

Commission of India

(ii)

Court in another State/Union Territory

Authorised official nominated by the concerned

District Judge

(iii)

Mediation Centre / District Legal Services Authority

(including Taluk Legal Services Authority)

Officer nominated by the Chairperson or Secretary

(iv)

Jail / Prison

Jail Superintendent or Officer-in-Charge

(v)

Government Hospital

Medical Superintendent or authorised officer

(vi)

Police Headquarters / Special Police Units

Officer nominated by the competent authority

(vii)

Child Care Institutions

Superintendent or authorised officer

(viii)

Women’s Institutions

Superintendent or authorised officer

(ix)

Other Government Institutions

Officer-in-Charge

(x)

Forensic Science Laboratory

Administrative Officer-in-Charge or nominee

(xi)

E-Sewa Kendra (Court Complex)

Technical staff deputed therein

3. In cases not covered above, the Court may appoint any person deemed fit and proper, including:

(a) a Retired Judicial Officer;

(b) an officer of the Legal Services Authority; or

4.3 Duties and Responsibilities of Coordinators

The provisions contained in this Practice Direction are intended to facilitate and operationalise Rule

3 and shall be implemented subject to the control, supervision, and directions of the Court.

4.3.1 General Duties (Applicable to Both Court Site and Remote Site Coordinators)

The Coordinators shall:

1. Ensure that the video conferencing facilities, including hardware, software, and connectivity, are functional,

properly configured, and capable of supporting uninterrupted and effective conduct of proceedings;

2. Ensure strict compliance with the provisions of these Rules and Practice Directions, including the

prohibition against unauthorised recording, storage, transmission, or publication of any part of the

proceedings;

3. Immediately bring to the notice of the Court any:

(a) technical failure affecting the conduct of proceedings;

(b) breach of prescribed protocol or procedure; or

4. Facilitate smooth, continuous, and effective communication between the Court Site and the Remote Site

throughout the duration of the proceedings, including coordination between participants and technical

personnel where necessary.

4.3.2 Duties of the Remote Site Coordinator

The Remote Site Coordinator shall:

1. Ensure that all persons required to participate in the proceedings are present at the Remote Site

sufficiently in advance, and in any case not less than thirty minutes prior to the scheduled commencement

of proceedings;

2. Verify the identity of every person present at the Remote Site in accordance with Rule 3.10, and

ensure that such verification is completed prior to commencement of proceedings and, where required,

is duly recorded or certified;

3. Ensure that no unauthorised person is present at, or has access to, the Remote Site during the

proceedings, and that access is restricted strictly to authorised participants;

4. Ensure that the person being examined:

(a) is not coached, prompted, tutored, induced, influenced, or coerced in any manner whatsoever;

(b) does not refer to any document, electronic device, communication, or external aid without the

express permission of the Court;

5. Ensure that the environment at the Remote Site is:

(a) quiet and free from disturbance, interruption, or external interference;

(b) adequately illuminated to ensure clear visibility of the participant;

6. Ensure that any CCTV system or other monitoring mechanism, where available at the Remote Site, is

functional during the proceedings and that any recording or footage is preserved, secured, and made

available, if so directed by the Court;

7. Maintain decorum, discipline, and order at the Remote Site at all times, and ensure that all participants

comply with the directions issued by the Court during the proceedings;

8. Assist in the secure and prompt transmission of documents, audio-visual material, recordings, or any

other material as directed by the Court, ensuring integrity and confidentiality of such transmission.

4.3.3 Duties of the Court Site Coordinator

The Court Site Coordinator shall:

1. Generate, manage, and securely communicate access links, meeting IDs, passwords, or other credentials

for participation in the video conferencing proceedings sufficiently in advance, ensuring that such access

is restricted to authorised participants;

2. Provide separate, secure, and restricted access mechanisms for in camera proceedings, confidential

hearings, or proceedings involving sensitive material, where so directed by the Court;

3. Ensure that participants are admitted into the virtual hearing room in an orderly, controlled, and secure

manner, strictly in accordance with the directions of the Court;

4. Facilitate verification of identity of participants, where required, in coordination with the Remote Site

Coordinator or as directed by the Court;

5. Ensure that all documents, records, pleadings, exhibits, or electronic materials required for the proceedings

are duly received, processed, and transmitted to the Remote Site Coordinator or other participants as

per Rule 9, as directed by the Court;

6. Conduct a test session prior to commencement of proceedings, preferably at least thirty minutes in

advance, to verify and ensure:

(a) clarity and audibility of audio transmission;

(b) quality, resolution, and continuity of video transmission;

(d) proper functioning of all equipment, software, and systems to be used during proceedings;

7. Remain available and accessible throughout the duration of the proceedings to monitor performance,

address any technical issues, and coordinate with technical personnel for immediate resolution of any

disruptions;

8. Ensure that access to the video conferencing session is strictly restricted to authorised persons and

that such access is terminated, disabled, or revoked immediately upon conclusion of the proceedings.

4.4 Advance Notice and Transmission of Documents

1. The Court may, wherever necessary or expedient, issue advance notice specifying:

(a) the date and time of the video conferencing proceedings;

(b) the mode and manner of access;

2. The Court may transmit documents, records, pleadings, exhibits, or other materials in electronic form

to the Remote Site Coordinator for the purposes of:

(a) examination of witnesses;

(b) reference during proceedings;

3. The Remote Site Coordinator shall ensure that:

(a) such documents or materials are made available to the concerned person only with the prior

permission and direction of the Court;

(b) such documents are not copied, reproduced, transmitted, or accessed by any unauthorised person,

and are handled in a secure and confidential manner.

4.5 Pre-Hearing Arrangements

1. Prior to the scheduled hearing, the Court shall ensure that all necessary arrangements are completed,

including:

(a) transmission of relevant documents and materials to the Remote Site;

(b) confirmation of availability and readiness of all required participants;

2. The Remote Site Coordinator shall confirm readiness of the Remote Site, including technical setup

and participant availability, to the Court Site Coordinator before commencement of proceedings.

4.6 Assistance to Participants

1. The Court may, where necessary and in the interest of justice, direct the Coordinator at the Court

Site or Remote Site to arrange for appropriate assistance, including:

(a) a translator, where the participant is not conversant with the language of the Court;

(b) a sign language expert, where the participant is speech or hearing impaired;

(d) a reader, scribe, or assistant, where the participant is visually challenged;

(e) any other assistance necessary to ensure meaningful, effective, and fair participation in

the proceedings;

2. The provision of such assistance shall be in conformity with applicable laws relating to persons with

disabilities and principles of access to justice.

4.7 Special Provisions

4.7.1 Child Witnesses

In cases involving examination of child witnesses, the Remote Site Coordinator shall preferably be:

(a) the Secretary of the District Legal Services Authority; or

(b) a Retired Judicial Officer or any other competent and suitable person nominated by the

District Judge.

4.7.2 Absence or Inadequacy of Facilities

Where adequate video conferencing facilities are not available at the designated Remote Site:

1. The Court may request the concerned District Judge or competent authority to:

(a) appoint a Remote Site Coordinator; and

(b) arrange suitable and appropriate facilities at a nearby Court, institutional location, or other

approved premises;

2. The Court may also direct deputation of staff, technical personnel, or support personnel to ensure

continuity and proper conduct of proceedings.

4.7.3 Examination of Witnesses Outside India

Where a witness is located outside India, the procedure prescribed under applicable law, including

provisions relating to Letters Rogatory and Mutual Legal Assistance, shall be followed to the extent

consistent with these Rules and Practice Directions.

4.8 Payment of Honorarium

The Coordinator at the Remote Site, and any translator, interpreter, expert, or other person engaged

for facilitating video conferencing proceedings, shall be paid such honorarium, fees, or expenses as

may be determined by the Court in accordance with applicable rules, regulations, or administrative

instructions.

5. Technical and Procedural Safeguards

5.1 Duties and Responsibilities of Remote Participants

Without prejudice to the duties of Coordinators specified in Clause 4.3, every participant appearing

through video conferencing shall:

1. Ensure that the device used is equipped with a functional camera, microphone, and audio output

system capable of providing clear, continuous, and uninterrupted communication;

2. Preferably utilise a desktop or laptop system, particularly in proceedings involving recording of

evidence, and avoid the use of mobile devices where practicable;

3. Ensure availability of stable, secure, and high-speed internet connectivity sufficient to sustain

uninterrupted participation throughout the proceedings;

4. Ensure that the device used is secure, free from malware or unauthorised software, and protected

by appropriate cybersecurity measures;

5. Ensure compliance with all provisions relating to identity verification, decorum, conduct, and

participation in accordance with Rule 3.10 and these Practice Directions.

5.2 Technical Compliance at Remote Site

Where proceedings are conducted from a Remote Site or any place other than the Court Site, the

Coordinator at such location, where appointed, shall ensure that all technical, infrastructural, and

procedural requirements prescribed under these Rules and Practice Directions are fully complied

with in all respects.

5.3 Satisfaction of the Court

1. At the commencement of proceedings conducted through video conferencing or other modes of

audio-visual electronic communication, the Court shall ensure compliance with the requirements

relating to clarity of audio and video, and effective participation of all participants in accordance

with Rule 3.12;

2. The Court shall satisfy itself that:

(a) all participants are able to clearly see and hear the proceedings; and

(b) all participants can be clearly seen and heard by the Court and by other participants, to the

extent necessary for the conduct of proceedings;

3. Where the Court is not so satisfied, it may:

(a) direct the Court Site Coordinator or Remote Site Coordinator, as the case may be, to take

immediate corrective steps;

(b) require adjustment of equipment, positioning, lighting, or connectivity;

(d) pass such other directions as may be necessary to ensure that the proceedings are conducted

in a fair, effective, and reliable manner;

4. The Court may, at any stage of the proceedings, re-evaluate the adequacy of audio-visual quality

in accordance with Rule 3.12 and issue such further directions as may be necessary to maintain

compliance.

5.4 Resolution of Technical Difficulties

1. Any participant experiencing any technical difficulty, including issues relating to connectivity, audio

clarity, video quality, or effective participation, shall immediately inform the Court through the Court

Site Coordinator, particularly where such difficulty affects compliance with Rule 3.12;

2. The Court Site Coordinator shall promptly take steps to identify, address, and resolve such difficulty

in coordination with technical personnel, and shall inform the Court of the steps taken and the status

of resolution;

3. Where any participant asserts that inadequate audio or video quality or technical disruption has

caused prejudice to such participant, such assertion shall be immediately placed before the Court for

consideration;

4. The Court may, upon being satisfied that such grievance is substantiated and that there has been

non-compliance with Rule 3.12, pass such orders as may be necessary, including:

(a) declaring the proceedings, or any part thereof, to be incomplete;

(b) directing reconnection, repetition, or re-recording of the relevant portion of the proceedings;

(d) passing such other orders as may be necessary to secure the ends of justice.

5.5 Publication of Access Details

All Courts shall ensure publication of official contact details, including email addresses and mechanisms

for accessing video conferencing proceedings, through official platforms within a reasonable time, so

as to facilitate effective access and participation by authorised persons.

6. Compliance and Operational Procedure

6.1 Compliance with Practice Directions

All Advocates, Authorised Representatives, parties-in-person, witnesses, required persons, and any

other participants permitted by the Court (hereinafter collectively referred to as “Participants”) shall

strictly comply with these Practice Directions, in addition to the provisions of the Rules and any

specific directions issued by the Court from time to time.

6.2 Recording of Presence and Verification of Identity

1. Prior to commencement of proceedings, the Court Site Coordinator shall verify the identity of all

Participants in accordance with Rule 3.10, through valid proof of identity furnished by such Participants

through electronic means or otherwise, as directed by the Court;

2. The Coordinator shall record the presence of all Participants and, where required, maintain a record

of such verification for the purposes of the proceedings;

3. Where any Participant seeks masking of identity or appearance, including partial or full concealment of

face or voice, such request shall be communicated in advance to the Court Site Coordinator, who shall

place the same before the Court, and appropriate orders shall be obtained prior to commencement

of proceedings.

6.3 Access to Video Conferencing Proceedings

1. The Court Site Coordinator shall provide the Live Link, Meeting ID, password, or other access credentials

to the Participants through the registered email address or mobile number furnished by them;

2. Access to video conferencing proceedings shall be restricted to authorised Participants, and no person

shall join or participate in the proceedings without prior permission of the Court;

3. Participants shall join the proceedings through the designated platform and shall remain in the virtual

waiting area, where such facility is available, until admitted by the Coordinator;

4. Once the proceedings have commenced, no person shall be permitted to join or rejoin the

proceedings except with the express permission of the Court.

6.4 Regulation of Video Conferencing Proceedings

The establishment, conduct, regulation, continuation, and termination of video conferencing proceedings

shall be governed by the orders and directions of the Court, subject to the overriding control of

the Court as per Rule 3.17, and no Participant shall interfere with or attempt to control the same.

6.5 Continued Satisfaction of the Court regarding Participation

The Court shall ensure continued compliance with the requirements relating to visibility, audibility, and

effective participation of all Participants in accordance with Rule 3.12 and Clause 5.3, and may, at

any stage of the proceedings, verify whether such requirements are being fulfilled and issue such

directions as may be necessary.

6.6 Reporting of Technical Difficulties

Any difficulty relating to connectivity, audio clarity, video quality, or participation shall be reported

and addressed in accordance with Clause 5.4, and the Coordinator shall act promptly to ensure

compliance with the directions of the Court.

7. General Procedure

7.1 Applicability

The procedure set out in this Chapter shall apply to all proceedings conducted through video

conferencing or other modes of audio-visual electronic communication, without prejudice to any specific

provisions contained elsewhere in these Rules or Practice Directions.

7.2 Use of Designated Technology

1. The Coordinator at the Court Site shall ensure that video conferencing proceedings are conducted

through the Designated Video Conferencing Technology approved by the High Court.

2. Provided that, in the event of any technical fault, failure, or other sufficient cause, the Court

may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, permit the use of any other appropriate software or

technology for that particular proceeding.

3. Provided further that nothing contained in these Rules shall prevent the Court, for reasons to

be recorded in writing, from adopting any suitable electronic mode or technological solution to

facilitate the conduct of proceedings.

7.3 Identification and Verification of Persons

1. Any person to be examined through video conferencing or other audio-visual electronic communication

shall, prior to such examination, establish his or her identity in accordance with Rule 3.10;

2. The Coordinator shall verify such identity and, where required, record the details for the purposes

of the proceedings.

3. The Court may, for reasons to be recorded, permit participation without production of identity

proof where it is otherwise satisfied as to the identity of the person, consistent with Rule 3.10.

4. The Court may direct any person to display the original identity proof on camera during the

proceedings for verification.

5. Where identity is disputed or appears doubtful, the Court may require additional verification,

including confirmation through the Remote Site Coordinator or by such other reliable means as

may be deemed appropriate.

7.4 Confirmation in Civil Proceedings

In civil proceedings, the party seeking examination of any person through video conferencing shall confirm

to the Court:

(a) the location from which such person shall participate;

(b) the willingness of such person to be examined through video conferencing; and

7.5 Confirmation in Criminal Proceedings

1. In criminal proceedings, where any person is required to be examined or to participate, including

prosecution witnesses, defence witnesses, Court witnesses, or accused persons, the concerned advocate

or party shall confirm:

(a) the location of such person;

(b) the willingness of such person to participate; and

2. Where the person to be examined is an accused, the prosecution shall confirm the location of the

accused at the Remote Site.

7.6 Scheduling of Proceedings

Video conferencing proceedings shall ordinarily be conducted during Court working hours.

Provided that, the Court may, having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, fix any

other time or schedule.

7.7 Examination of Witness where Accused is in Custody

Where the accused is in custody and is not physically present at the Court Site, the Court shall,

where necessary, direct a multi-party video conferencing arrangement enabling simultaneous participation

of the Court, the witness, and the accused.

The Court shall ensure that:

(a) the right of defence of the accused is not prejudiced; and

(b) all safeguards prescribed under these Rules are fully complied with.

8. Oral Arguments

8.1 Applicability of Physical Court Procedure

The procedure governing oral arguments before physical Courts shall apply mutatis mutandis to

proceedings conducted through video conferencing or other audio-visual electronic communication.

8.2 Submission of Authorities and Notes

Participants intending to:

(a) cite judicial precedents, statutory provisions, or extracts from authoritative texts; and/or

(b) rely upon written submissions or notes of arguments, shall ensure that copies thereof, whether

in physical or electronic form, are:

(i) made available at the Court Site; and

(ii) served upon all other Participants sufficiently in advance of the hearing.

9. Costs of Video Conferencing

9.1 General Principles

In the absence of specific provisions governing costs, the Court may determine and apportion the

expenses of video conferencing having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case.

9.2 Costs in Criminal Proceedings

In criminal proceedings, the Court may direct that the following expenses shall be borne by such

party as it deems fit:

1. Expenses relating to video conferencing facilities;

2. Costs of preparation and transmission of records;

3. Fees payable to the Remote Site Coordinator;

4. Fees payable to translators, interpreters, or special educators.

9.3 Costs in Civil Proceedings

In civil proceedings, as a general rule, the party requesting participation through video conferencing

shall bear the associated costs, unless otherwise directed by the Court.

9.4 Discretion of the Court

The Court may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, waive, reduce, or reallocate such costs, in

whole or in part.

10. Recording of Proceedings

10.1 Recording in Order Sheet

In all cases where proceedings are conducted through video conferencing, the Court shall record in

the order sheet that such proceedings were conducted through video conferencing.

10.2 Preservation of Recordings

Where recording of proceedings is undertaken, such recording shall be preserved in accordance with

applicable rules and directions of the High Court.

11. Presence of Third Parties

11.1 Permission of Court

Third parties shall be permitted to be present during video conferencing proceedings only upon a

specific order of the Court.

11.2 Nature of Participation

Such third parties shall remain passive participants and shall not address the Court or make

submissions except with prior permission.

11.3 Identification and Disclosure

Where any person not connected with the case is present at the Remote Site:

(a) such person shall be identified by the Coordinator at the commencement of proceedings; and

(b) the purpose of such presence shall be disclosed to the Court.

11.4 Continuance of Presence

Such person shall be permitted to remain present only with the leave of the Court and subject to

such conditions as may be imposed.

12. Legal Aid, Lok Adalat, and Jail Adalat Proceedings

12.1 Conduct through Video Conferencing

Proceedings relating to Legal Aid Clinics, Camps, Lok Adalats, or Jail Adalats may be conducted

through video conferencing in accordance with applicable law.

12.2 Examination by Competen Authority

Where such proceedings are conducted, the person at the Remote Site shall be examined by the

competent authority, including the Chairman, Secretary of the District Legal Services Authority, or

Members of the Lok Adalat, as the case may be.

12.3 Legal Effect

Any award or order passed in such proceedings shall have the same force and effect as an award

or order passed in physical proceedings.

12.4 Transmission of Orders

A copy of the award or order, along with the record of proceedings, shall be transmitted to the

Remote Site without delay.

High Court, Madras,

DEEPTHI ARIVUNITHI,

29th July 2026.

Registrar General.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE COMMISSIONER OF STATIONERY AND PRINTING, CHENNAI

ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU