Subject NOT available

Plane uble siuvey.—instruments—plane table, alidad, de- clinator, plumping kirk, and bob movntinj? of paper, cen- tering and oiientation, methods of plane tabling—radiation, intersection, traversing anJ resection, the three point problem and its solution—mechanical, trial and error and th© Bead's graphical solutions the two point problems and its solution, sources of enor in plane tabling, advantages and disadvan- tages of plane tabling, applicability.

Leveling.—introduction, definitions and scope, the level suifttco, hoiizontal and vertical planes, datum surface and teduccd levels. Instruments hand levels and elino meters, bend marla, GIS permanent. Temporary and arbitrary.

Topographical surveying.— introduction, utility and scope, methods of contouring—direct and indirect/by interpolation indirect contourings by radiating lines, spot height and grids, chatacteristics of contours, uses of contours.

Computation of ai eas—computation field notes, by offset distances from a straight survey line, mid-ordinate, average ordinate, trapezodal and Simpson's rule, from the plan—by division into triangles and tiapeziums. by area squares and polar planimeter.

Copying, enlargement and reduction of maps—copying maps-tracing, pricking and ferro-printing, enlargement and reduction—by proportional compass-—by squares, by panto- graph, by photography,

7.2 Paper II (Practicals)—drawing equipment Mid their uses; lettering construction of diagonal and venrnier scales, map reading; chain suryc>ing instruments; chain survey of an area-field uork plotting and finishing; prismatic compass ;.nd the odalite; cbain and compass surveying—inter-section; traversing; plotting and distribution of error; Oale^ traverse table; plane tabling—surveying and finishing; two and three I oint problems.

Compulation of areas—the polar planimeter.

Copying, enlargement and reduction of maps—proportional

compass and pantograph.

R. Finest Engineering I.

Building materials—Stones—classification, charcteristlcs, querrying and dressing, natural bid; bricks and tiles—suitable curth. method of manufacture, characteristics of good bricks and titles, standard size: lime, sand and surkhi—sources and classification, burning of lime stone, storing and uses of lime, bulking of sand, cement—properties types storing, uses; mortars—definition, kinds, proportions, mixing, laying curing cmant'tics needed for masonry and brick work; concrete— lime and cement concrete, essentials of good concrete, pro- portions, mixing, laying and curing of concrete, water cement ratio and consistency quantities of ingradients needed; re- inforced rerrcnt concrete—principle and advantages, location of reinforcements in simply supported beams, T-beams, slabs. lintels, balanced cantiltvered beams and slabs, columns and their baser), framwork Or shutteiine. finishing—proportions of lim^ and cement plasters, methods of application and curinc pointing, pronorlion of ingredients, method of point- inc-—Unds of painting, white washing, colour washing and distempc.inp limbsi—characteristics of a good structural limber rmints find varnishes, characteristics, methods of paint- ing timber and steel stnictmes, wood oiling, tarring.

Building consrtj-uscfiorr—selection of site for a forest building or forest colony, preparation of site; foundation—obiects, • utises of failrie ami rreosutiom foundation bed, safe bear- ine capacities of soils: iafe loads on masonry and founda- tion beds, footing, widlh of foundation beds, thicknesa of concrete bed, depth, of foundation bed by Rauknes rule, improving Dcaring power ot sott soils, inetUods ui securing sate iojndations in bolt soils, setting out ot buildings, excava- tion ot trcni-iies, plinth, courses, piecautions againbL termites, damp piool courses; super structure—thickness ol walls, scaUoluwⅈ, stone veisus brick., methods of constructing mud, buck, work.—kinds, difference between hnfilish and Hemish bonds, details of bnalish bond at corners, junctions and inter- section of 1 brick and 1+ brick walls, construction of uifleient kinds ot masonry walls, Ashlar, Ashler-laced, random and couiscd rubljle and dry rijbblc masonry and dry stone revet- ments; sills, lintels and arches—kinds of sills and lintels and their construction, position of reinforcements in RCC lintels, uses of arches in buildinfin aud their classification, names of parts, principles of construction and centerings; carpentry- principles of jointing, types of joints, lengthening, bearing and framing joints, common types of joints used in wooden iloors, door leaves, roof trusses, roofs—types—slopping and flat roof, sloping roofs—single, double or purlin and trussed roofs, roof slopes, naiurc ot stresses in roof members—wall bearings—wind filling, gable and hipped roofs, flat roofs, the jack. arch, roof, terraced and RCC flat roofs; roof cover- ings-thatching, country tiles roofing, Allahabad tiling, Manga- lore tiling, C.G.I, and asbestos sheeting, salting, flashings, gutters, hips and valleys, ceilings; floors trench and base- inent filling, earth floor, stone floor, tile floor, concrete and wooden floor; doors and windows, doors—types and sizes normally used, fittings—the frame work, types—lodged and braced batten doors, panelled, glazed, venetiancd and wiro gauge doors, swing doors, wndows, fan light, ventilator, clerestory and dormar windows, sky light, stairs—the stair case, types of stairs, straight. doit-lengcd open wall, Newal, bifurcated and geometrical stairs, location and design of titaii cases, fne places and chimneys—-location, essential parts and common sizes of fire-place less chullah and cooing ramge; materials used, earth connections; estimating—principles and essential parts, project report, specifications, units of measure- ments, procedure and proformas for detailed measurements and bill of quantities for buildings, taking out quantities for simple buildings, abstract of cost, plinth area and cube rate estimates, analysis of rates, measurement book; drawings— plan, sc.ition and elevation of a small building.

Strength of materials—Introduction to stress and strain— Hooke's law, Poisson's ratio, elastic limit—elastic constants and their mutual relationship, ultimate strength, factor of safety and working stresses, application to timber, bending moments and shear force—definition, BM and SF diagrams, cases of simply supported beems and cantilevers carrying concentrated and uniformly distributed loads.

Practicals—location of reinforcements in RCC lintels, beams and slabs columns and weather shades; foundations of buildings, standard foundations and design by Rankine's formula; bonds in brickwork, English bond at corners, junc- tions and intersections of one and one and a half brickwalls; timber joints in roof trusses and timber stairs; doors and windows different types; plan, section and elevation of a small building with gable roof/hipped roof; preparation of a building estimates BM and SF diagrams—cases of simply supported beams and cantilevers, carrying concentrated/ uniformly distributed loads.

9. Botany 1.

9.1. Paper I (Theory)—Histology cell, cell stiuctuie, physical and chemical nature of cytoplasm, nucleus and plas- tida, cell wall, growth and thickening of cell wall, cell In- clusions i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, Bminoacides, fats and oils, minerals, crystals, latex, etc., cell formation; tissues menstematic tissues of stems and roots—permanent tissues and tissue systems, parenchyma collcrchvma and sclercnchvi- ma, xylem and phoem: anatomy of stems—dicot, monocot and gymoosperms with one example of each; anatomy of roots, dicot apd monocot roots; anatomy of leaves, secondary growth in thickness of dicot stems., formation of bark leaf fall, development of knots and healiiu of wounds.

PhysioloRy—-absorption and conduction of water and mineral salts ascent of sap-theories repnrdinB, transpiration —mechaniim _ & importance, photosynthesis-mechanism and factors affecting the surae. tranoporation and storaae of Food—carbohydrates fats and oils; nitrogen fixation end

Humiliation by plants, root noduks; speciaL modes or nulu- uoiij carnivorous plants, symbion'.s, saprophytes and para- tttes; lespitauon-condiUons aliecung respiration; growth and movements; leprodirclion—vetfetMlivu. asexual and sexual.

General—insfuictions lor botanical collection (/before first tour) ; general instructions regaidiujj iden'^licalioii oL plants and use ot flora.

y.2. Paper 11 (Practical^) — Morphology — algajj, lungi, mosses, forms, etc, and use of microscope, parts of flowering plants, leaf and parts, phyllotaxy flower and uoral parts aestivation inflorescences types, fruits and seeds, ulacentation. stem and root modifications, description of plaufU, histology-anatomy ot stem and roots, anatomy of leaves, secondary growth (only slides 10 be shown.): collection of bonlanical specimen and their piesenauon.

10. Utilisation

10.1 Paper 1 (Logging)—-definition, scjp anJ terminology; development of iOKKinK in India—of research, development training, users and manuiacturers; logging development pro- cess, coordination; basic logging-hand tools and their mainten- ance, power chain saw, shoit bar power chain saw—use und attttchTnenta. felling (including felling of leaning trees) -cross cutting, delimbing etc.; off road transport—ground skidding, \flrious kinds oi tractors and attachments i.sed .n skidding, dragging wiocnes, aerial transporation; major trans- portation—loading devices, truck transportation, water traM- poration, departmental logging and its merits; marketing and sales; timber depots—size, organisation and management; foreit labour-organisation and management, wages to labourers; physiological studies in logging, logging planning- various factors and their impact, investment calculations, machine—cost calculations for varloug forestry machines, road planning, logging organisation and administration control; work study and its application in logging; safety measurers in logging; logging machines in advanced countries.

Practical^—maintenance of saws and hand tools, work study methods and planning, (Non-Tirnber Forest products).

10.2' Plaper II—introduction—definition; non-timber forest products of India und their impoitance in rural and industrial economy of the country; surv;v of non-timber fo- rest products; fibres and flosses-fibre yielding plants; method of cultivation of important fibre yielding plants; grasses, bamboos and canes—various grasses and their uses; bamboos —species of bamboo, their occurrence cultivation exploitation and uses, bamboo survey, important species of carics-lheir distributlon practice of cultivation harvesting piocessing and uses, essential oils—methods of extraction of essential oils; essential oil bearing plants of commercial importance, and the methods of their cultivation and exploitation.

Oil seeds—important oil seeds obtained from forests, their

method of collection, processing, packing and storage.

Gum resins and oleorcsins—commercial gums, resins and oleoresins and their economic importance; methods of tappimt of important gums, resins and oleoreeini, processing, grading, packing and storage of gums, tans and dyes—vegetable tann- ing materials obtained from forests, their extraction, pio- cessing, handling, and storage; important dyes.

Drugs, poisons and insecticides—important drugs available from forests, method of cultivation, harvesting, processing and grading, poisons and insecticides.

Edible plants, nuts and spices.

Rubber and gutt pcrcha; method of tnppinp processing and

uses of rubber.

Charcoal—various tvpes of kilns useil for manufacture

of charcoal; charcoal dust briquettes.

7. Miscellaneous products—bidi leaves; products of des-

tructive distillation of wood; leaf fodder; others.

Animal products—lac and sl.

cellaneous products—honey wax and ivory etc.

Mineral products.

TI. EXERCISES IN THE FIRST YEAR

1.1. Summer tour—

Study of locality factors leading to forest vegetation and site quality. Forestry terminology; stem analysis; stump analysis; increment boring, sample plot layout; enumeration; lield botany; soil profile and iis description.

1.2. Dehra Dun, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh tour—

Soil Conservation, watershed management, farm forestry;

ravine reclamation.

Succession, nursery practices, enumeration, compartment

description, forest types and field botany.

1.3. Winter tour—

Study of ecological succession, natural and artificial re- generation, tending', mechanized plantations of fastgrow- ing species, yield and volume tables, forest types. Natural and artificial regeneration, taungya technique, afforestation techniques in various types of areas, forest types, forest based industries; cooperative management of forests.

2. .Botanical collections during each tour

Collection and submission of complete botanical speci- mens of not less ftan 30 plants properly dried, mounted and labelled at tfcte end of each of the tours mentioned (1) above.

3. Engineering Plates

Hrick bonds, foundations; plants, elevations end cross sections of two simple buildings, sketch plans of buildings, bridges, lime kiln etc. made during the tours in a graph note book.

4. Surveying Plates

Drawing work-—lettering, chain survey, presmatlc compass and chain survey, plan table and chain survey, topographic mirvey.

Note.—In addition to the items noted above, the trainees should be exposed to th; Development Programmes includ- ing 'Social Forestry¹ and 'Tribal Welfare'.

III. Written and Practical Examination in second year

1. Wildlife Management

Introduction—concept oi' wildlife and history of wildlife

management; relationship with the allied subjects.

Wildlife values and conflicts—values-aesthetic, economic, scientific, ecological, religious recreational, conflicts—landusc priorities, ciop destruction, disease carriers.

Biological and ecological base of management—distribu- tion and behaviour of animals as affected by various en- vironmental factors and adaptations, concepts of niche, habitat and ecosystem, environmental gradients; zoogeojtra- phic regions of world with special reference to wildlife in India; fundamental requirements of wildlife-food-concepts of food chains, food webs, pyramid of numbers, water pinch period, shelter-territory, home range, edge effect, factors affecting animal populations—concepts of Bgc and sex struc- ture, mortality and natility, density and saturation point, gregariousness and flocking, breeding potential, biological pressure, environmental resistence, internal adjustment fac- tors, biological surplus and extinction threshold, social or- Rjnisation mid behaviour—animal communities general inter and lntra-specific relationships, dominance, predator and prey relationship, ingestive, eliminative and agonistic behaviour, commenseli>>m, mutualism, parasitism, symbiosis.

Techniques of field studies of wildlife populations field observations and records; tracks, trails and other animal signs; trapping, capturing and marking; rumen and fecal matter analysis.

Population estimation—censuses and estimates—visual counts (direct counts and indirect counts), use of animal tracks and signs; sample estimates—King's method and its modifications, pellet group counts, use of pug marks; indices—Lincoln's index.

Rare and threatened species in India—stud.es of impor- /ant rare and threatened species of India and steps taken lor Lheir preservation.

Sanctuaries, national parks nnd zoological parks—general concepts of their creation and administration : discussion of some important national paiks, sanctuaries and zoological parks of the country.

Wildlife legislation.—Wildlife Pieservation Act iy72, Games Act, shooting rules, Arm* Act; international and national oiganisations. lor wildlife conservation.

2. LiiYironffiunLil conservation.—Introduction, environ- ment—its definition, components, ecosystems; environmental conservation & management; the nature of natural resources— lcnewablg and non-renewable; the major biotic regions of India &. world; man's record on the earth; land, its chaiac- tenstics, uses and problems—agriculture, foiestry, livestock, wildlife; water, its uses and ptoblems, resources; the consej- vation of environments; ti.e problem of population; the out- look; rural & urban landscaping; pollution aspects—air, water, noise, rural, urban, industrial; pollution monjtering; eavnorjimcntal policy—education, research and coordination in India; environmental ltgislation in India.

3. World forestry.—Forest geography of the world—factors influencing the world distribution of forests; historical back- giound and present distribution' of world forests.

Forest resources and forestry practices in different regions of the world—North American region; Central American region (Tropical); South American legion; Scandanavian re- gion; European region; Mediterranean region; U.S.S.R.; Cen- tral Africa (Tropical) South Africa; South East Asia; Eastern Avia (Japan and China); Australia,

Regional development of wood based industries in the

world.

Trade patterns in foiest ra.v materials.

World geography—physical features; climate; vegetation

tyrpes; disttibujjon of fprests and types.

Historical—historical phytogeography, evaluation and migra- tion of plants; historical Koo-geogruphy, evolution and migra- tion of animals.

World forestry literature (peiiodiculs, journals etc.) with

display.

World forest organisations—developmental world agencies ajid organisations, c. g. SIDA, DAN IDA and others, world forestry lesearch agencies and organisations e.g. IUFRO, IbCN, WWF and others; status of woilj forestry research & education.

Congiesses, commissions, conferences and conventions re-

levant to forestry on global basis.

4. Silviculture

4.1 Paper III—Silviculture of Indian Trees—General des- cription—dealing with general nature, growth characteristics, distiibution (Geographic- and Geological), phenology, silvi- culture] characters, autacology, synecology, community en- vironment, regeneration methods and management of Indian ipecics of economic impoitau;e.

At Headqiidters

Main .species—Broad Raved, Acacia nllotica. Acacia cate- chu. Dipterocarps, Dalberj^a sissoo, Santalum album, Juaalns regia, Bombax ceiba, Anacardiuvn occidentale; exotics- study of below mentioned exotics under the headings like importance, their role in forest economy, purpose of intro- duction, suitability of species, ecological and economic factors means of establishment, management and other considerations' for the following species—Casurina equisetifolia, Prosopfs- jujiflora, exotic conifers (tropical pipe in particular); species of secondary importance—Toona cilinta, Ailanthus excelsa- A jn-andfa, A. Malabraicum, Dalbdrid latifolia Gmeline arborca, Adma cordifolia, Lagsrstromta species, Iloloptelcu integnfolia, Terminalias. Hymcnodiciyon exce-lsum, Quercus species, Boswllia. serrata Hopea p;uv (flora Pterocarpus suc- uei Anoeeissus pendula.

On Tours

Main species—Conifars—Ccdrus deodaia, Picea smithiana, Abies pindrow, Piauis re.xburghii; Broad leaved—Shorea robu- sta, Tectonu grandijt Banjbooa—general, Dendro—calamus and Bambusa arundinacea. Exotics—Eucalyptus. Eucaly- ptus carnalolulensis (Mysore gum), T,m bark wattles special- ly Acuciu mearnsi, Poplais.

4.2 Paper IV—Silvicultunil Sjstems—Introduction, defini-

tion and objectives, classification¹.

(Jciirfelling systems and its modifications.

Sheltcrwood systems (involving concentrated regeneration felling)— uniform system, cioup system, uremia shelter- wood sybteni

Shelterwood system (involving scattered removal of trees)

scl.ction system.

Coppice system—simple coppice system, coppice

wnli slandmds, coppice with leserv^j.

Conversion—reasons for conversion from on© system to another; types of conversion—conversion rrom selection to iiL-iform, conveision from coppice to high forests.

Modification and combination of various systemy to suit local conditions in India-^discussion on the justification of giving new names to modifications of systems in India, U. P. Selection System, Punjab Shelterwood System, Coppice with Re-cxvea.

4.3 Viva yoca in SilvicuUurc~This shall cover general siviculture, Siviculture of Indian Trees Silvicultural systems etc,

5. Forest Management

Introduction—definition and scope, management of forests and its pccLdiarities. principles of forest management and their application.

Objects of Management—purpose and policy, choice of

objectives, owner's attitudes and social role of forestry.

Sustained Yield—general definitions, e.g. felling series, rotation, felling; cycLe, cutting series etc. concept and mean- ins of sustained yield.

Rotation—definitiori, kinds of rotation, factors affecting

choice of rotation, rotation and conversion period.

The normal Foreifc—-definition and concept, normulity in

legular forests, normality in irregular forests.

The actual growing stock and its increment—general con- sideration distribution of age gradations or classes in renular forests—normal and actudJ, distribution of age gradations or classes in irregular forests, normal and actual distribution of age gradation or classes in forests under coppice systems; giowth estimation and icduction factors for density, quality miscellaneous, quality and price increment and forest percent

Yield regulation—geneijj principles of yield calculation; silvicultural systems in lelation to yield regulation; methods of yield regulation—yield regulation in regular forests, by a tea—reduced areas and Hufnajjl's modification by volume and increment methods, yield regulation in irregular forests— methods based on growing stock only, Ven Mantel's formula and its modifications, methods based on increment only— Biolley's method du controlle methods based on volume and increment—Austrian method, Hufnasl's French mcthoJ of 1S83 and its modification, method based on number of trees in vairous age Classes and time taken to pass fronj one age class to the next—Brandia' method, Hufnagl's method Smythies safeguarding formola.

Application and control oi the different methods of yield

tegulatlon in forest management in Indian Forestry.

Multiple uses of Foiestry.

6. Working Plan

Introduction—definition, object, scope sphere, necessity for revisions, divi&lon of forests into various units maps, concepts of national, regional and local plans project formulation, evaluation and appraisal.

Preparation of a Working Plan—Preliminary workins plan report; field work-stock mapping, checking of maps, com- partment description, collection of jtatisfical data, collection of other data, evaluation of management alternatives.

Office work—collection of data for Part I and analysis, writing of Part I and II Management information systems for working plans.

Control of Working Plan.

Working Plan exercise will be conducted in any suitable ^al or other forest covering as many types as possible. Each trainee will be required to write up a working plan for an area not less than 1,000 hectares.

7. Forest Economic^ and valuation—introduction—defini- tion, role and relevance to forestryj general tools of economic analysis; peculiarities of forest economics; role of forestry in Indian economy.

Demand and supply—theory of consumer behaviour; con- cepts of demand and supply; concept of elasticity of demand and supply; demand and supply of forest products.

The market¹—market structure; pricing, of forest products;

market structure for forest products.

Production and costs—factors of production; law of diminishing returns; long and short run productions function; cost of production.

Timber production economics—factors iaflijencmB timber production; timber production and its economic peculiarities; locational theory and transportation.

Wood products economics—demand supply and pricing of major forest product*; demand supply and pricing of major forest products; forecasting techniques.

Forest—Valuationr—concept * of interest on capital; present net worth, internal and rate of return with practical exam- ples; land expectation value and concept of profit with illus- tration; slumpqse appraisal.

Non wood products—techniques of evaluating non-market values; general concepts of wildlife economics; application of economic theories to outdoor (forest) recreation.

Forestry Planning and budgeting-planning in forestry; project formulation and evaluation; concepts of budgeting with applications to forestry.

Operations research techniques—optimisation methods in

forestry; practical application.

8. Forest Protection—General consideration—the place of forest protection in Indian forestry; classification of injurious agencies—animals, insects, plants, atmospheric agencies.

Prevention—its importance

Man as a source of injury to forest—forest fires causes and character of forest fires; fire prevention activities; pre- suppression activities in fires contort; fire suppression; fire control policy and objectives.

Protection against shifting cultivation and faulty land use.

Protection against mismanagement; protection against do- mestic animals and wildife protection against injurious plants Protection against atmospheric agencies.

y. Forest policy and law-forest policy definition, necessity; scope, range and various considerations; foundations of a stable forest policy; contents of a national forest policy; India's national forest policy; contents of the 1852 forest policy and ili correlation with the policy of 1894 need for a revised forest policy for India.

Forest law—legal definitions; application, of penal code to forests; general principles of criminal law; legal principles of punishment; the criminal procedure code as applies to forestry matters^ the law of evidence and the Indian Evi- dence Act as applied to forestry macters objects of special forest Inw; the Indian Forest Act; Rtneial provisions; detailed study; legal organization of the forest service.

Connected law (dealing with wildlife etc.)

Forest administration (including forest cadres, forest

manuals etc.;

10. Social Forestry—inti oduction definition, scope neces- sity special signincanco in tiAc content of energy and small timber requirements of India, environmental pollution and recreation; plate of social forestry in the national lorest policy of India.

Farm forestry—its need and scope on and around agricul- tural lands; role in rural economy and its effect pn aflricul- lural practices; establishment of farm forests, choice oi spe- cies, planting" techniques, maintenance; organisation of the programme, role of the forest deptts; protection.

Social forestry—objectives and scope vis-a-vis farm forestry; raising of trees for fodder, timber firewood, creation of pasture lands; avcuue plantations, canal bank plantations plantations along railway lines; uhoice of species, techniques, maintenance; extension apprttcli orsanisation of the pro- gramme, role of tire forest department; protection.

Recreation forestry—needs of the urban population; scope of its application in forests, city forests and concept of integrated lown planning and forestry; creation of forest parks in natural forests close to urban centres.

Winds breaks, shelter belts and catchment forests—scope of creation of wind bleaks, sheltcrbelts, choice of species, techni- ques, maintenance, scope in the catchment forests of water works, etc., protection.

Organisation, legislation and publicity—extension, orsani- sation, trainina and demonstration, public participation and publicity; need for a defined policy, suitable leeislation to support the programme.

11. Tribal welfare—general—definition types, distribution

and demography of tribe? racial classification.

CoDcept of races tribes, family, clan and kinship, princi-

ples of social grouping.

Cultural traditions, customs, ethos, beliefs and practices of

tribals in general, political organisations and social controls.

Tribal Economy

Details of few important tribes of India, e.g. bhils, san-

thals. Bonds and nomadic tribes.

Administration of tribal affairs, constitutional provisions

for their welfare and tribal development plans.

Approaches towards tribals, policies of isolation, assimila-

tion and middle path.

Tribals and forests, their symbiotic relationship.

Practical a case studies of FI.CS (forest labourer co-op,

societies).

Case studies on colonisation of tribal communities.

Case studies on exercise of rights and concesions by tribals.

12. Engineering II.

Rpads—Introduction—necessity of roads, classification, cross section, systems of metalling, road gradients; alignment re- conaissancc; obligatory points, alignment of a plain road, alignment of a bill road, preliminery survey, paper location, demarcation; detsififl-r'oad and land width, tlie fjhoulders, camber, section on hill sides, gradients, earth work, drainage of plain and hill roads, road curves; super-eleva- tion, widening and sighting distance, retaining walla and breast walls-necessity, materials used* forces acting, condi- tions of stability and thumb mlsj for design of brick- work, masonary and timer-crib retaining walls; estimating—• principles, earthwork by trapezoidal and priynoidal rules, the slope tampiate, the abstract of cost; setting out gradients, use of the field level and boring set for setting out jtradients instrument-levelling instrument, durr.py level, adjustments, difference of levels—back sight, Intermediate sight fore-sight,

height of instrument and change patt—axes of tdeacope and Line of coilmiation, negative readings, reduction of levels, rise and fal system and ihe colliruation or Hi system, their relative merits, arithmetical checks, the level book, classi- fication of levelling—simple, compound or differential profile, cores-sectioning, reciprocal levelling; setting out cuttings and embankments, setting out of simple circular curves by tbe method of ordinates from the long chord, vertical curves; construction-organisation of labour, tools, clearing, economi- cal digging, load and life, construction of earth stabilized and water-bound macadam roads, cordurory roads, use of cam- ber template; mainlenance.-general wear of roads, surface, maintenance, Improvement of existing roads, renewal of sur- face, road watertaWes and pole trains, road signs, notice boards and guard stoaes.

Bridges—Introduction—types of forest bridges, the ford, Irish bridge, causeway, road syphon culverts, limber bridges, cantilever bridges, suspension bridges; selection of sit© and waterway-selection of site-factors affectinjt afflux and free lx>ard, provision of waterway-factors affecting, waterway for culverts and small bridges, scour and its prevention, masonry arched culverts-names of parts, economical spans, thumb rules for design, principles of constructions-centering; simple wooden bridges— a typical small wooden bridge, the abut- ments and piers, the timber bank seat, timber post, pile and masonry abutments and piers—single and double trestle piers—timber crib piers, construction of the super struc- ture¹;, the through and deck span timber girder bridges; common suspension bridges—parts, stability, principles of construction—towers and anchoraques, the roadway.

Water supply—Introduction—sources of supply, springi, streams and rivers, ponds and lakes, dams and reservoirs and wells types of wells—shallow wells, deep wells and artesian wells, bore wells and tubewells; sinking of wells— selection of site for shallow and deep wells steining, sinking of mnsonrv lined wells; yield calculations—-springs, streams and rivers, ponds, lakes and dams, wells, spacing of wells; purification of water—principles, clarification and steriliza- tion, cleaning and protection- of wells.

Design of timber structure—simple clastic theory of bendine—bending and shear stresses in simply supported beams and cantilevers carrying concentrated and uniformly distributed loads, direct and bending stresses; stress dia- grams—stress diagrams for roof trusses with and without wind loads; design—timber beams, short timber columns— ties and struts of a framed structure.

Practicals—road design—-cross-sect ior of a road in the plain /hills, and retaining walls; preparation of road esti- mate—earthwork tialculatiom; setting out road curves by ord'nates; a masonry arch culvert; a simple timber girder bridge; a cantilever bridge; a suspension bridge; stress diacrams for timber trusses—with and without wind load; design of ties and struts of a timber frame.

A masonry arch culvert.

A simple timber bridge.

A cantilever bridge.

A suspension bridge.

Streps diagrams for timber trusses with and without wind

load.

Design of tics and struts oF a timber frame.

13. Forest Machinery

Motor mecBanics—petrol and diesel engines; 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines; fuel system; ignition system; lubrication system; transmission system colling system; fault detection and daily checks.

Maintenance and operation of machineries—nursery; plan-

tations; harvesting; transport; iire fighting.

14. Botany

14.1. Paper I (Theory)--Taxonomy and its significance— brief history of classification; systems of .classification viz, Bentham & Hooker. Englcr and Prantl and Hutchinson,"

Plant nomenclature—importance of plant nomenclature:

hrief history.

Modern trends in plant taxonomy.

Systematic botany of Indian forest plants following Ben- tham and Hookers system, with emphasis on families ot forestry importance (tree species), their distribution, field characters and their economic importance.

Dicotyledons—polypctalae—

1. M"agnoliaceae.

2. Guttiferae.

3. D'Pttrocarpaceae.

4. Malvaceae.

5. Stereuliaueae.

6. Rutaccae.

7. Moliaceae.

8. Saplndaceae.

9. Anncardiaceae.

10 Leguminosac.

j 1. Rosaceae.

12. Rhizophorac"ae.

13. Combrctaceae.

14. Myrtaceae.

15. I ythraccae.

Gamopetalae.

16. Rubiaceae.

17. Sapotaceae.

18. Ebenaceae.

19. Oleaceae.

20. Apocynaceae.

21. Blgnoniaceae.

22. Verbenaceae.

Apetalae.

23. Lauraceae.

24. Euphorbiaceae.

25. Urticaceac.

26. Cupuliferae.

27. Salicaceac.

Monocotyledons

29. Pal-maceae.

30. Gramineae.

14.2. Paper TI (Practical")—dissection, sketching, descrip-

tion and identification (with flora) of forest plants.

15. Zoology A. Entomology

15.1. Paper I (Theory)—introduction—importance of

forest antomology.

Animal ecology—relations of animals to their bidtic and abiotic environment*; niche, habitat arid ecosystem; inter- relationships of insect populations, forest stands and forest practices.

Elementary Entomology—insect anatomy; insect biologies, life histories, metamorphosis and hibernation; insect taxo- nomy—classification into orders.

Forf-st Entomology—insect pests of standing trees (plan- tations and natural forests)—injury, biology, life history and control of insects of economic importance in forestry 'with special reference to the following tree species—sal, teak, toon, irmlwgony. Acacia, cashew, semul, ailanthusj michelia, gmelina, eucalyptus, poplars, willows, deodar, tropical pines and high level coniflera (spruce and fir); insect posts of felled

and converted timbers—injury, biology, life history and con- trol, insect pests of nurseries and their control; insect pests of seeds—injury and methods of seed storage, control, ter- mites in relation to forestry and timbers—biology, ecology, life history and control; Insect vectors of rilant diseases with special reference to sandal spike disease; ecological clari- fication' of harmful and beneficial insects.

Principles and methods of insect pest control—general principles integrated control measures; methods—chemical control, insecticides, technique (appliances), biological con- trol agents, silvicultural control (management) mechanical and physical control, Httraclants and. repelants, male sterile technique etc., legislative control and plant quarantine mea- sures.

15.2 Paper II (Practical).—visit to entomology museum to see insect pests and their damage with particular reference to the following—pests of standing forest trees, sal heart- wood borer, teak defoliators, teak canker grub, melieccae shoot borer, ailantbus defoliator, champ bug, gamhar defo- liator, popular stem borer, deodav defoliator, bark beetles, spruce budworm, pine shoot borer; nursery pests, cutworms, chaf en/grubs and circkets; seed pests, bruchids, weevils and mioro-lepidoptera; insect vectors of plant diseases, Cocolidia indica and Nephotcttix impicticeps; termite nest, termite casto, timber entomology—pests of felled timbers, bark horers pin hole borers, ambrosia beatle, sapwood borers, shot hole borers, heartwood borers, drywood borers; beneficial insects; parasites, wasps and flies, predators, bugs, beetles, mantlds, wasps, lac insect, honey bees, silk worms.

Visit to insectary—diagnosis of insect attack by symptoms; how to report and seed specimen to Forest Research Insti- tute asking for advice,

Spraying equipment and demonstration of spraying.

Insect collection—setting pinning and preservation—proba- tioners shall submit a collection of 50 insects to cover 9 orders and 20 families collected during their tours, field ob- servations of the collection to be written in field note book, collection (wet and dry, damage and life histories) should be systematically tind biolofiically crouped, labelled and identi- fied upto family.

Excursion to forest areas, felling sites and timber depots.

16. Mycology and Pathology

16.1 Paper I (Theory)—Fungi—definition; position in plant kingdom; oroad classification; important families in Hymeno- mycetes; important genera in Polyporaceae.

Nutrition in fungi—mycorrhiza.

Timber decay and stain—causes; types; effects on wood.

Diseases—causes and symptoms.

Protection of timber from decay (after felling In forests,

in storage and in use).

Wilt diseases—nursery diseases; wilt of staisham due to Fusarium solani; wilt of Casuarina due to Trichosporium vcsiculosum.

Root diseases—root rots of sal due to Polyporus shoicae; root rot of hardwoodi due to Ganoderma lucidum; root rot of deodar due to Fomes annosus.

Heart rots in trees—in sal; in blue pine;

Heart rots in coppice forests of sal and teak.

Diseases due to rusts and other microfungi—stem rusts— Cronartium hknalayense tin chir and Oribicola on blue pine; witches brooms rust in deodar due to Peridermiurn. cedri and leaf rust of teak due to Olivea tectonac.

Diseases due to physiological causes—dyina of sal; dying Eucalytus citriodora; water blister in teak; failure of casna- rma.

Virus diseases—sandal spike.

Internationally dangerous forest diseases -plant quarantine;

principle of forest diseases control.

16.2. Paper II (Practical)—examination of tho mycelium\>f Mucor or Rbizopus growing on a moist bread and study of asexual reproduction of the fungus;

Study of fruiting structures of un Asomycetcs (e.fi. Xylaria) and Basidiomycetes (e.g. Polyporus). reproductive structures (ascus and ascopores in the former and basidla and basidios- pores in the latter) to be examined.

Examination of sporophores (n Basidiomycetes-Thelcphora- ceae—Hymenochaete (H. rubi^inosa); Polyporaccac-Polyporus (P. shoreae), Trametes (T. pirn fomes pin:), Fomes (F. anno- sus, F caryophylli), Ganoderma (G. lucidum, G. applanatnm), Agaricaceae—Armellaria (A. mellea); distinguishing characters of the families in general to be stressed.

Study of the types of decay in timber—white fibrous rot;

while pocket rot; brown cuboidal rot; dry rot.

Study of rust diseases of conifers—cronartium himalayenese

on chir; Peridermium cedii on deodar.

Local excursions to acquaint with common tree diseases on

sal, shisham, kfiair and other hardwoods.

17. Forest Utilisation. i.Wood Technology).

17.1 Paper III (Wood Technology)—Wood structure—intro- duction—scope of wood anatomy, what Is wood; gross fea- tures of wood-pith, heart wood, sspwood, bark, earlywood, latewood, growth ring etc.; minute structure or wood-tracheids, fibres and vessels, parenchyma, rays, resin canals etc., general properties-colour, flourescence. lustre, odour, weight hardness, grain, texture and figure; ultra-structure of wood-electron microscope characteristics; Identification of timber with key for 25 important timbers.

Properties of wood, defects and abnormalities—physical pro- perties of wood; mechanical properties of wood; factors influencing strength properties of wood; suitability indices and their use; safe working stresses and their evaluation; testing and evaluation of timber products and stores; classification of defects in wood and thoir influence on utilisation charac- teristics; method's of identification, measurement and evalua- tion of defects.

Wood seasoning—introduction—object, need and importance of seasoning; general principles of seasoning; air seasoning; kiln seasoning and other special methods of seasoning; season- ing schedules and classification o? timber; design of seasoning kilns, air drying sheds and solar kilns.

_ Wood preservation—introduction-need of wood preserva- tion, natural durability of timber and wood destroying agen- cies; types of wood preservatives, their characteristics, compo- sition and properties; preparation of material for treatment; methods of wood preservation; factors affecting penetration of preservation; properties of treated wood, testing of wood preservatives and treated timber; treatment of timber for different end uses Including cost aspects,

17,2. Paper IV (Industries)—Composite wood-adhesives-manu- facture, properties, uses; plywood manufacture-properties uses, fibre boards-manufacture, properties, uses; particle boards i manufacture, properties, uses, improved wood-impregnated and compregnated woods, heat stabilised wood and chemical modi- fied wood; present status of composite wood industry in Indian and future expansion plans.

Cellulose and paper—chemistry of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin; production of mechanical pulp; production of chemical pulp; production of semlchemical and cheml-mecha- nical pulps; manufacture of paper; manufacture of rayon; raw materials for paper and rayon.

Saw milling—type of saws and saw mill machinery; design and layout of saw mills and wood workshops; wood work- Ing—hand and machine tools.

Grading—commercial grading system?; stress grading in- cluding machine grading; existing Indian standards on grading.

Wood tojed industries —historical backcrownd of wood based industries in India, ntesent status of and suitability of Tndlan timbers for agricultural implement and furniture in- dustry; present status of and suitability of Indian timbers for mathematical and imisfcnl Instruments industry and turnrrv; present statu? of and siiftnn.'litv of Indian timbers for pacing

and mullistagc sampling and sirosamples of equal and un- equal sizes); ratio and regression estimates; double tripling; sources of error in surveys.

Design oi' eipemnents—completely randomised, landomised blocks and 4alin squaie design; factorial expeinnenls; con- founding split plot desijjns; masi I itin squait-s, incomplete block design; balanced and partially balanced incomplete block design; lattice squares, incomplete latin squares.

Distribution of pans of variatcs—classical regression, pro- blem, bivariale normal surface; linear i egression as deter- mined from a sample, compulation 01 regression und COM ela- tion coefficients, variance regression line; regression when independent variable is not randon."; functional relations between variables subject to error; contingency table, yates correction for continuity; chi-square lest of homogeneity.

Multiple regression analysis and curve fitting—equation¹! of multiple regression; the solution of normal equations vari- ance and covarianee matm; residuals,

21. Advanced Forest Biometry—application of statistical techniques in forestry-introduction to statistics; use of electro- nic data processing machines; sampling techniques; test of significance; regression and correlation analysis; analysis ot variance.

Forest measurements—Iree and IOH volume estimation from rules & tables; forest inventory; application of sampling with probability proportional to size in forest inventory; use of computers in analysis of inventory data; measuring: instru- ments & procedure for forest measurements.

Stand structure & growth—sland structure, density. site quality and yield tables; stand growth; analysis of typical growth models; simulation techniques and application in growth models.

Management information system for forest managements- decisions-evaluation of information needs for decision making by forest managers application of operations research lechni ques for collecting stand information.

Remote sensing techniques for forest measurements-use of aerial photographs for forest measurements; remote sensing techniques using satellite imageries, use of aeral photographs in preparation maps; use of instruments & procedures for preparation of maps.

1)

iur forest products; marketing of forest products iiiteniat.unal contest,

OR

Advanced WUdliie Management—Wildlife management techniques—field observations; instrumentation: habitat aiwly- iis and evaluation; food habit analysis; post mortem techniques: field detection nf diseases and conditions; taxi- dermy: capture and marking techniques; establishment & n_".iintenanc.e of field laboratories & museum.

Practice of wildlife management—concept of wildlife management—definition & importance; history of wildlife management in India, Asia, Atrieu. Europe, America k Australia, concept of conservation including multiple use of land.

Measurement of wildlife population—need for census); census types & techniques; collection and analysis of census data.

Control of lood and water—variety of food payability, essential nutrients etc.; food habit studies; availability of water.

Habitat management—habitat analysi-; species composi- tion and indicator plants; le*.hniqi,"s of dealing with environ- ment; control of cover,

Management of wildlife refuees—mechanism of use of re-

fuges; species suited io refuge,

Management of special area--national parks and sanctu-

aries; game farms.

Control of disea-es—types of diseases; methods of control,

Predator control—inter-prcdator relationship; predator-pray

relationship; sanitation: food habit research,

Population problem -declining find dense populations shift- injf population etc.; corridors for dispersion and migration; introduction of species; population and habitat balance.

Control of hunting—purpose; kind of control balancing

species and eco-sysrem.

Wildlife management plmis—collection and analysis of essential information; special techniques for use in the pre- paration of management plan; preparation of model plan.

case industry; present status of and suitability of Indian timbers for coach building and sleeper industry; planning; planning for development or wood based industries.

18. Genetics—Introduction—deliniilon—scope application to

plant improvement.

Heredity—history; mendals hiws of heredity: lipvsical basis of heredity—the cell nnd chromosomes; cell division—mitosis meiosis.

Variation—sources of varialion; genetic v/s environmental

variations and their estimation.

Qualitative and quantitative character—single Rene, find mul- tiple jeno determined characters; modification of meiidelian ratios; inheritance of quantitative or polygemic characters.

Forest tree breeding—objectives of tree breeding; methods of tree breeding; recent advances in vegetation propogation of tree sp,

Selective methods of tree improvement—seed stands nnd seed production areas to meet interim need for seeds; plus tree selection; seed orchards and their establishment; manngemcni of seed orchards; progeny trials—one parent & two patent for estimation of genetic parameters.

Hybridization—objects of hybiidization; intei racial and Inter specific hybridization—exploitation of heterosis; seed or- chards for raising hybrid seeds,

i

Breeding for special charclcrs—[or improvement of wood characters; for incorporating resistance to specific diseases; for incorporating resistance to specific pests; incorporating re- sistance to specific adnphic ami climatic factors.

Breeding for special characters—for improvement of wood characteristics; for incorporating resistance to specific diseases; for incorporating resistance to specific pests,

Polyploid and motration breeding—definition—conservation of natural polyploid in some important tree general experiment- ed indication of polvploids with conclusion and method of treat- ment; utilization of polyploid in tree improvement; mutation- definitions, natural and induced mutation experimental induc- tion of mutation with polvploid and physical and chemical mutagens; utilization of mutants in free impro'iirnent,

Practical*—preparation of slides for studies of chromo- somes; vegetative propagation and use of growth promoteis; plus tree selection; seed orchards and their establishment; various methods of hybridization; various types of grafting and budding, controlled pollination, treatment of seed or- chards.

OR

Forest Ecology—basic ecological principles and concepts— definition of ecology and forest ecology, scope and importance of ecology in conservation of natural iesources in jicnmil, land use. forestry, grassland management and wildlife, eco- logy and its relation to other sciences, sub-division of eco- logy including syn and ant-ecology; basic concepts of plant ecology (forest ecology), cunLcpts of ecosystem habitat and ecological niche, ecosystem components. bioffeochemlcal eyeless; fundamental concepts related to energy in ecological systems, the food chain, trophic structure and ecological pyramids.

Forest environment—environment of the forest—biotic and abiotic components and environment. their inter re- lations and importance in forest ecology, effect of inter- action of different environmental factors on thi- develop- ment of vegetation; environmental measurements—measure- ment of environmental factors (instrumentation) like solar radiation light intensity, temperature, atmosphcreic jzas^s, particles and electric properties, etc.; limiting factors, rn-im:;- pies of limiting factors, combined concent of limiting factors. principles of limiting factors, physical factors of irrr>ortnnce ns limiting factors, ecological indicators.

Forest community (syn-ecologvi—biotic community con- cept: methods of studying vegetation—life forms, structure and physiognomy, charting and mapping of vegetation, quadrats, transects, etc, methods of rating for frequency, analysis of data with qualitative and quantitative methods (indices coefficients, formulate, symbols, patterns, etc.), description, classification and ordination of communities, statistical methods and mathematical models; concept of eco- logical dominance, competition tolerance aurressiom aett]i and climax communities, ecotoncs and concept of edge effect; vegetation dynamics (temporal and spatial development of vegetation)—origin nnd development of vegetation, eco- logical succession, primary and secondary succession, retro- gress, arrested succession and climax, mono and poly- climaxes, mosaid theory; phytogenography—basis of classi- fication vegetation types brief description of the forest lypei of the world ana of India; palco-ecolo^y-pula obtanical patterns in relation to present distribution, lines of evidence —fossil woods, dendrochronology, uidio carbon dating, peat analysis, pollen analysis, etc.

Aut-ccology—studies on growth requirement of species—seed production and their germination, methods of studying com- petitive potential, moisture requirements of species, etc., rool development—studies on development of root system in varied hnbitats.

Ecological adaptations and evolution—adaptations, origin of adaptations, fate of adaptations, the genecologic classifi- cation, isolalion and evolution.

Production ecology (forest productivity)--concept of pro- ductivity; biological productivity—pioduction of organic mattet (plant bioirmss), accumulation of organic matter, organic balance sheets; nutrient cycle—uptake of nutrients, nutrieni loss, nutrient input, nutrient budget; energy flow, energy accu initiation, energy budget; water circulation—interception o1 precipitation, evaporation and runoff, transpiration, soil mois- ture, water budgets; methods of assessing forest site quiilih (forest productivity), direct measurements of forest produc- tivity, vegetation as indicator of site, indicator type and indi- cator spectra, environmental factors as a measure of produc- tivity, climatic factors and soil factors; site as a dynamic concept.

Radiation ecology—definition—-radioactive substances, ladia- tion and environment; nuclear concepts-types of ionizinc radia- tion, units of measurements, radicisotopesC radionudides) oi ecological importance comparative radio •sensitivity; effects ol radiation on individuals, populations communities and eeo systems; radioactive substances released into the environment and the manner in whTeb ecological communities and popu lation control the distribution of radioactivity, the fallout pro blem. waste disposal, future radioccologiral research; use ol radioactive tracers in biological sciences (ecology, physiology etc.)

OR

20. Forest Statistics—introduction to theory of probability introduction to set theory, events, elementary set, theory applied to events addition and multiplication theoremo of probability, conditional probability expectation, random vari- able random numbers,

Standard distributions—frequency distribution, calculation of moments; binomical, posson, normal and other important probability distributions (negative binomial, rectangular, beta and gamma not in detail), introductory, calculation of their expected values and variances."

Theory of estimation and tests of mation and interval estimation, confidei desirable properties of an estimator, maximum likeliehood point estimation: tests of hypothesis simple and composite hypothe- sis, si/e and power of a test; exact tests on samples from a normal polutation (test difference of means in paired sam- ples); test test-effect of non normality.

i

Analysis of variance—test for homogeneity of variances; a test for difference of means; two way classification (complete blocks); estimation of fixed; estimation effects (model I) esti- mations of variable treatment effects (components of variances model ID, mixed model (model III),

Sampling procedures—simple random sampling for pro- portion and percentages, the estimation of sample size; itra- tifled random; systematic sampling; cluster sampling ' (one

G.S.R. No. 2211 dated 28-12-1968. Subsequently amended by: —

*NOTB :In addition to the items noted above the trainees should hi exposed to the Development Programmes including 'Social Foresliy' and "Tribal Welfare'.

(i) Notification No. 12/2/72-A]S(III)-C dated 13-6-1973

G.S.R. No. 662 dated 30-6-1973.

V. R. SRTNIVASAN, Under Secy.

(ii) Notification No. 17/5/74-ATS(IV) dat*d 1-3-1974.

G.S.R. No. 342 dated 6-4-1974.

NOTE : Principal Rules pubilslied vide Notification No. 2/6/65-AISUV) dated 19-12-1968 in the Gazette of India dated 2H-12-1968, Part TT, Section 3, Sub-section fi) vide

PRINTED BY THE MANAOKR, GOVT. OP INDIA PRESS, RINO ROAD, NEW DJLH1-110064

ANP PLTttU3HED BY THE CONTROLLER OF PUBLICATIONS. DELH1-110054, 1 9 83